tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78586475378060905222024-03-19T02:41:49.306-07:00TeknowBioWe are providing true stories of the legends and great personality which will motivate people to do something and this blog can be used for your education and it's totally genuine blog because it based on their life journey.
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-37222402227453288902020-03-19T06:04:00.000-07:002020-04-20T06:42:21.394-07:00Narendra Modi -Prime minister Of India, Politician<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: merriweather, georgia, serif; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Narendra Modi </span></h2>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Narendra Modi is best known for rising from humble beginnings to become prime minister of India.He is a great politician, social worker of India.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Synopsis</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Narendra Modi grew up in the town of Vadnagar in India, the son of a street merchant. He entered politics as a youth and quickly rose through the ranks of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a Hindu nationalist political party. Modi later joined the mainstream Bharatiya Janata Party in 1987, eventually becoming national secretary. In 2002, he was alleged to be responsible for the deaths of more than 1,000 Muslims during civil unrest but was later exonerated. In 2014 he was elected prime minister of India.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Background</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Narendra Modi was born in the small town of Vadnagar, in northern Gujarat, India. His father was a street merchant who struggled to support the family. Young Narendra and his brother sold tea near a bus terminal to help out. Though an average student in school, Modi spent hours in the library and was known as a strong debater. In his early teens, he joined Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, the student wing of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist political party.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Life Dedicated to Politics</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Modi had an arranged married at 18 but spent little time with his bride. The two eventually separated, with Modi claiming to be single for some time. He dedicated his life to politics in Gujarat, joining the RSS in 1971. During the 1975-77 political crisis, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency, banning political organizations such as the RSS. Modi went underground and wrote a book, Sangharsh ma Gujarat (Gujarat in Emergency), which chronicles his experiences as a political fugitive. In 1978, Modi graduated from Delhi University with a degree in political science and completed his master’s work at Gujarat University in 1983.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In 1987, Narendra Modi joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which stood for Hindu nationalism. His rise through the ranks was rapid, as he wisely chose mentors to further his career. He promoted privatization of businesses, small government and Hindu values. In 1995, Modi was elected BJP national secretary, a position from which he successfully helped settle internal leadership disputes, paving the way for BJP election victories in 1998.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Gulbarg Massacre and Alleged Complicity</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In February 2002, while Modi served as chief minister of Gujarat, a commuter train was attacked, allegedly by Muslims. In retaliation, an attack was carried out on the Muslim neighborhood of Gulbarg. Violence spread, and Modi imposed a curfew granting police shoot-to-kill orders. After peace was restored, Modi’s government was criticized for the harsh crackdown, and he was accused of allowing the killings of more than 1,000 Muslims, along with the mass raping and mutilation of women. After two investigations contradicted one other, the Indian Supreme Court concluded there was no evidence Modi was at fault.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Narendra Modi was reelected chief minister of Gujarat in 2007 and 2012. Through those campaigns, Modi's hard-line Hinduism softened and he spoke more about economic growth, focusing on privatization and encouraging policies to shape India as a global manufacturing epicenter. He is credited with bringing prosperity and development to Gujarat and is seen as a corrupt-free and efficient administrator. However, some say he has done little to alleviate poverty and improve living standards.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Elected Prime Minister</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In June 2013, Modi was selected to head the BJP’s 2014 election campaign to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of India’s parliament), while a grassroots campaign was already in place to elect him prime minister. Modi campaigned hard, portraying himself as a pragmatic candidate capable of turning around India’s economy, while his critics portrayed him as a controversial and divisive figure. In May 2014, he and his party were victorious, taking 282 of the 534 seats in the Lok Sabha. The victory marked a crushing defeat to the Indian National Congress, which had controlled country politics for most of the previous 60 years, and sent a message that India’s citizens were behind an agenda that moved away from a secular, socialist state to a more capitalist-leaning economy with Hindu nationalism at its core.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">On May 26, 2014 Modi was sworn in as the 14th prime minister of India and the first to have been born after the country got its independence from the U.K.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Policy</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Since becoming prime minister, Modi has encouraged foreign businesses to invest in India. He has lifted various regulations - permits and inspections - so that businesses could grow more easily. He has decreased spending on social welfare programs and has encouraged the privatization of healthcare, although he has devised a policy on universal healthcare for </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">those citizens with serious ailments. In 2014 he launched a "Clean India" campaign, which focused on sanitation and the construction of millions of toilets in rural areas.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">His environment policies have been lax, especially when those policies hamper industrial growth. He has lifted restrictions on protecting the environment and is more open to the use of genetically modified crops, despite protests from India's farmers. Under Modi's power, he has suppressed the influence of civil society organizations, such as Greenpeace, the Sierra Club, Avaaz, and other humanitarian groups, citing they prevent economic growth.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In terms of foreign policy, Modi has taken on a multilateral approach. He has participated in the BRICS, ASEAN, and G20 summits, as well as aligned himself with the United States, China, Japan and Russia to improve economic and political ties. He has also reached out to Islamic republics, most notably fostering diplomatic ties with Pakistan, although he has repeatedly labeled the country a "terrorist state" and an "exporter of terrorism."</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Under his rule, Modi has substantially centralized his power compared to previous administrations.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Global Recognition</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In 2016 Modi won the reader's poll as TIME's Person of the Year. In previous years, he had received top ranking as one of the most influential political figures in the world in both TIME and Forbes Magazine. He is only second to President Obama for having the most social media followers as a political figure. With high favorability ratings among Indian voters, Modi has a reputation for actively engaging citizens through social media and encouraging his own administration to stay active on its platforms.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , "georgia" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Also read:-</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "merriweather" , "georgia" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><a href="https://teknowbio.blogspot.com/2017/09/mahatma-gandhi-father-of-nation-great-leader-philosopher-politician.html" target="_blank">Mahatma Gandhi - "Father of Nation"</a></span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-22499078313260139552018-10-10T04:23:00.000-07:002018-10-12T08:44:54.388-07:00Bill Gates - Founder of Microsoft<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: left;">Bill Gates</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">A Successful Business Leader, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist (1955-)</span><br />
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(He is the second most richest person in the world, his recent net worth US$95 billion in Sept 2018)</h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Entrepreneur Bill Gates, he founded one of the world's largest software business, Microsoft, with Paul Allen, and subsequently became one of the richest men in the world on their own dedication and passion. His net worth estimated Wealth (Jan 2017) was US$86 billion.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">About Bill Gates?</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Entrepreneur, A successful leader as well as businessman Bill Gates (born October 28, 1955) and his partner Paul Allen. They both founded and built the world's largest software business, Microsoft, through technological innovation, keen business strategy, Qualitative Product and aggressive business tactics. In the process, Bill Gates became one of the richest men in the world. In February 2014, Bill Gates announced that he was stepping down as Microsoft's chairman. Because he wanted to give focus on charitable work at his foundation, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Photo by <a href="https://www.worldpressphoto.org/people/carol-halebian" target="_blank">Carol Halebian</a>.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bill Gates: At the age of 30-year, </span><span style="font-size: large;">Bill Gates poses in front of boxes of Microsoft products in 1986, in the packaging facility of the company's then-new 40-acre corporate campus in Redmond, Washington. In March of 1986, Microsoft held an initial public offering of 2.5 million shares. By the end of the year, Gates had become a billionaire at the age of 31. Microsoft was the first company to dominate the personal computer market with its MS-DOS system and, subsequently, the Windows platform. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Bill Gates: In the Microsoft Corporation, Bill was the chair and chief software architect. Bill Gates introduces Windows on May 22, 1990 in New York City. By that time, Microsoft had become the worldwide leader in software, services and internet technologies for personal and business computing, with more than 39,000 employees in 60 countries. </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">His Net Worth and House</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In March 1986, Bill Gates took Microsoft public with an initial public offering (IPO) of $21 per share, making him an instant millionaire at age 31. Gates held 45 percent of the company's 24.7 million shares, making his stake at that time $234 million of Microsoft's $520 million.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Over time, the company's stock increased in value and split numerous times. In 1987, Bill Gates became a billionaire when the stock hit $90.75 a share. Since then, Gates has been at the top, or at least near the top, of Forbes' annual list of the top 400 wealthiest people in America. In 1999, with stock prices at an all-time high and the stock splitting eight-fold since its IPO, Gates' wealth briefly topped $101 billion.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">In 1997, Gates and his family moved into a 55,000-square-foot, $54-million house on the shore of Lake Washington. Though the house serves as a business center, it is said to be very cozy for the couple and their three children.</span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">His Wife and Children</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1987, a 23-year-old Microsoft product manager named Melinda French caught the eye of Bill Gates, then 32. The very bright and organized Melinda was a perfect match for Gates. In time, their relationship grew as they discovered an intimate and intellectual connection. On January 1, 1994, Melinda and Bill were married in Hawaii.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Following the devastating death of his mother to breast cancer just a few months after their wedding, Bill and Melinda took some time off in 1995 to travel and get a new perspective on life and the world. In 1996, their first daughter, Jennifer, was born. Their son, Rory, was born in 1999, and a second daughter, Phoebe, arrived in 2002.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-large;">READ ARTICLE: 7 Fun Facts About Bill Gates.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> <a href="https://youtu.be/67X1g0Ok3cY" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/67X1g0Ok3cY</a></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1994, Bill and Melinda Gates established the William H. Gates Foundation, which was dedicated to supporting education, world health and investment in low-income communities. With Melinda's influence, Bill had taken an interest in becoming a civic leader in the footsteps of his mother, studying the philanthropic work of American industrial titans Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. He realized that he had an obligation to give more of his wealth to charity. In 2000, the couple combined several family foundations and made a $28 billion contribution to form the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">In 2000, Bill Gates stepped down from the day-to-day operations of Microsoft, turning over the job of CEO to college friend Steve Ballmer, who had been with Microsoft since 1980. He positioned himself as chief software architect so he could concentrate on what was for him the more passionate side of the business, though he remained chairman of the board.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Over the next few years, Bill’s involvement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation occupied much of his time and even more of his interest. In 2006, Gates announced he was transitioning himself from full-time work at Microsoft to devote more quality time to the foundation. His last full day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008. In February 2014, Gates stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in order to move into a new position as technology adviser; longtime Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer was replaced by 46-year-old Satya Nadella.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Gates continues to devote much of his time and energy to the work of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The organization tackles international and domestic issues, such as health and education and helping students in the United States become college-ready. In 2015, Gates spoke out in favor of national Common Core standards in grades K through 12 and charter schools. Gates also proved to be a groundbreaking employer when, around this time, the foundation announced that it would give its employees a year's paid leave after the birth or the adoption of a child.</span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">When Was Bill Gates Born?</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Bill Gates was born William Henry Gates III on October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Family and Childhood</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Bill Gates grew up in an upper-middle-class family with his older sister, Kristianne, and younger sister, Libby. Their father, William H. Gates Sr., was a promising, if somewhat shy, law student when he met his future wife, Mary Maxwell. She was an athletic, outgoing student at the University of Washington, actively involved in student affairs and leadership. The Gates family atmosphere was warm and close, and all three children were encouraged to be competitive and strive for excellence. Bill showed early signs of competitiveness when he coordinated family athletic games at their summer house on Puget Sound. He also relished in playing board games (Risk was his favorite) and excelled at Monopoly.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Bill had a very close relationship with his mother, Mary, who after a brief career as a teacher devoted her time to helping raise the children and working on civic affairs and with charities. She also served on several corporate boards, including those of the First Interstate Bank in Seattle (founded by her grandfather), the United Way and International Business Machines (IBM). She would often take Bill along when she volunteered in schools and at community organizations.</span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Education</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Bill was a voracious reader as a child, spending many hours poring over reference books such as the encyclopedia. Around the age of 11 or 12, Bill's parents began to have concerns about his behavior. He was doing well in school, but he seemed bored and withdrawn at times, and his parents worried he might become a loner. Though they were strong believers in public education, when Bill turned 13, they enrolled him at Seattle's exclusive preparatory Lakeside School. He blossomed in nearly all his subjects, excelling in math and science, but also doing very well in drama and English.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">While at Lakeside School, a Seattle computer company offered to provide computer time for the students. The Mother's Club used proceeds from the school's rummage sale to purchase a teletype terminal for students to use. Bill Gates became entranced with what a computer could do and spent much of his free time working on the terminal. He wrote a tic-tac-toe program in BASIC computer language that allowed users to play against the computer.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Gates graduated from Lakeside in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the college SAT test, a feat of intellectual achievement that for several years he boasted about when introducing himself to new people.</span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Dropping Out of College</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gates enrolled at Harvard University in the fall of 1973, originally thinking of a career in law. But his freshman year saw him spend more of his time in the computer lab than in class. Gates did not really have a study regimen. Instead, he could get by on a few hours of sleep, cram for a test, and pass with a reasonable grade. Much to his parents' dismay, within two years Gates dropped out of college in 1975 to pursue his business, Microsoft, with partner Paul Allen.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bill Gates and Paul Allen</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At Lakeside School Gates met Paul Allen, who was two years his senior. The pair became fast friends, bonding over their common enthusiasm for computers, even though they were very different people. Allen was more reserved and shy. Bill was feisty and at times combative. Regardless of their differences, they both spent much of their free time together working on programs. Occasionally, the two disagreed and would clash over who was right or who should run the computer lab. On one occasion, their argument escalated to the point where Allen banned Gates from the computer lab.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">At one point, Gates and Allen had their school computer privileges revoked for taking advantage of software glitches to obtain free computer time from the company that provided the computers. After their probation, they were allowed back in the computer lab when they offered to debug the program. During this time, Gates developed a payroll program for the computer company the boys hacked into and a scheduling program for the school.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">In 1970, at the age of 15, Bill Gates and Paul Allen went into business together, developing "Traf-o-Data," a computer program that monitored traffic patterns in Seattle. They netted $20,000 for their efforts. Gates and Allen wanted to start their own company, but Gates' parents wanted him to finish school and go on to college, where they hoped he would work to become a lawyer.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">Allen went to Washington State University, while Gates<span style="color: #333333; font-family: , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: , sans-serif;">went to Harvard, though the pair stayed in touch. After attending college for two years, Allen dropped out and moved to Boston, Massachusetts, to work for Honeywell. Around this time, he showed Gates an edition of Popular Electronics magazine featuring an article on the Altair 8800 mini-computer kit. Both boys were fascinated with the possibilities of what this computer could create in the world of personal computing. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Altair was made by a small company in Albuquerque, New Mexico, called Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). Gates and Allen contacted the company, proclaiming that they were working on a BASIC software program that would run the Altair computer. In reality, they didn't have an Altair to work with or the code to run it, but they wanted to know if MITS was interested in someone developing such software. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">MITS was, and its president, Ed Roberts, asked the boys for a demonstration. Gates and Allen scrambled, spending the next two months writing the software at Harvard's computer lab. Allen traveled to Albuquerque for a test run at MITS, never having tried it out on an Altair computer. It worked perfectly. Allen was hired at MITS, and Gates soon left Harvard to work with him. Together they founded Microsoft. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Paul Allen remained with Microsoft until 1983, when he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease. Though his cancer went into remission a year later with intensive treatment, Allen resigned from the company. Rumors abound as to why Allen left Microsoft. Some say Bill Gates pushed him out, but many say it was a life-changing experience for Allen and he saw there were other opportunities that he could invest his time in.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bill Gates and Microsoft</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1975, Bill Gates and Paul Allen formed Micro-Soft, a blend of "microcomputer" and "software" (they dropped the hyphen to Microsoft within a year). Although the company started out on shaky footing, by 1979 Microsoft was grossing approximately $2.5 million, and, at the age of 23, Gates placed himself as the head of the company. With his acumen for software development and a keen business sense, he led the company and worked as its spokesperson. Gates personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, often rewriting code himself when he saw it necessary. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Following the development of software for IBM, between 1979 and 1981 Microsoft's growth exploded. Staff increased from 25 to 128, and revenue shot up from $2.5 million to $16 million. In mid-1981, Gates and Allen incorporated Microsoft, and Gates was appointed president and chairman of the board. Allen was named executive vice president.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Early Years at Microsoft</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At first, all was not smooth sailing. Although Microsoft’s BASIC software program for the Altair computer netted the company a fee and royalties, it wasn't meeting their overhead. According to Gates' later account, only about 10 percent of the people using BASIC in the Altair computer had actually paid for it. Microsoft's BASIC software was popular with computer hobbyists, who obtained pre-market copies and were reproducing and distributing them for free. At this time, much of the personal computer enthusiasts were people not in it for the money. They felt the ease of reproduction and distribution allowed them to share software with friends and fellow computer enthusiasts. Bill Gates thought differently. He saw the free distribution of software as stealing, especially when it involved software that was created to be sold.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In February 1976, Gates wrote an open letter to computer hobbyists, saying that continued distribution and use of software without paying for it would "prevent good software from being written." In essence, pirating software would discourage developers from investing time and money into creating quality software. The letter was unpopular with computer enthusiasts, but Gates stuck to his beliefs and would use the threat of innovation as a defense when faced with charges of unfair business practices.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gates had an acrimonious relationship with MITS president Ed Roberts, often resulting in shouting matches. The combative Gates clashed with Roberts on software development and the direction of the business. Roberts considered Gates spoiled and obnoxious. In 1977, Roberts sold MITS to another computer company and went back to Georgia to enter medical school and become a doctor. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gates and Allen were on their own. The pair had to sue the new owner of MITS to retain the software rights they had developed for Altair. Microsoft wrote software in different formats for other computer companies, and, at the beginning of 1979, Gates moved the company's operations to Bellevue, Washington, just east of Seattle. Gates was glad to be home again in the Pacific Northwest, and threw himself into his work. All 25 employees of the young company had broad responsibilities for all aspects of the operation, product development, business development and marketing. </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Microsoft’s Software for IBM PCs</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As the computer industry began to grow, with companies like Apple, Intel and IBM developing hardware and components, Bill was continuously out on the road touting the merits of Microsoft software applications. He often took his mother with him. Mary was highly respected and well connected with her membership on several corporate boards, including IBM's. It was through Mary that Bill Gates met the CEO of IBM.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In November 1980, IBM was looking for software that would operate their upcoming personal computer (PC) and approached Microsoft. Legend has it that at the first meeting with Bill Gates someone at IBM mistook him for an office assistant and asked him to serve coffee. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gates did look very young, but he quickly impressed IBM, convincing them that he and his company could meet their needs. The only problem was that Microsoft had not developed the basic operating system that would run IBM's new computers. Not to be stopped, Gates bought an operating system that was developed to run on computers similar to IBM's PC. He made a deal with the software's developer, making Microsoft the exclusive licensing agent and later full owner of the software but not telling them of the IBM deal. The company later sued Microsoft and Gates for withholding important information. Microsoft settled out of court for an undisclosed amount, but neither Gates nor Microsoft admitted to any wrongdoing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gates had to adopt the newly purchased software to work for the IBM PC. He delivered it for a $50,000 fee, the same price he had paid for the software in its original form. IBM wanted to buy the source code, which would have given them the information to the operating system. Gates refused, instead proposing that IBM pay a licensing fee for copies of the software sold with their computers. Doing this allowed Microsoft to license the software they called MS-DOS to any other PC manufacturer, should other computer companies clone the IBM PC, which they soon did. Microsoft also released software called Softcard, which allowed Microsoft BASIC to operate on Apple II machines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">By 1983, Microsoft was going global with offices in Great Britain and Japan, and with 30 percent of the world's computers running on its software. </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bill Gates and Steve Jobs</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Though their rivalry is legend, Microsoft and Apple shared many of their early innovations. In 1981, Apple, at the time led by Steve Jobs, invited Microsoft to help develop software for Macintosh computers. Some developers were involved in both Microsoft development and the development of Microsoft applications for Macintosh. The collaboration could be seen in some shared names between the Microsoft and Macintosh systems. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was through this knowledge sharing that Microsoft was to develop Windows, a system that used a mouse to drive a graphic interface, displaying text and images on the screen. This differed greatly from the text-and-keyboard driven MS-DOS system where all text formatting showed on the screen as code and not what actually would be printed. Bill Gates quickly recognized the threat this kind of software might pose for MS-DOS and Microsoft overall. For the unsophisticated user—which was most of the buying public—the graphic imagery of the competing VisiCorp software used in a Macintosh system would be so much easier to use. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gates announced in an advertising campaign that a new Microsoft operating system was about to be developed that would use a graphic interface. It was to be called "Windows," and would be compatible with all PC software products developed on the MS-DOS system. The announcement was a bluff, in that Microsoft had no such program under development. But as a marketing tactic it was sheer genius, as nearly 30 percent of the computer market was using the MS-DOS system and would wait for Windows software rather than change to a new system. Without people willing to change formats, software developers were unwilling to write programs for the VisiCorp system and it lost momentum by early 1985.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In November 1985, nearly two years after his announcement, Bill Gates and Microsoft launched Windows. Visually the Windows system looked very similar to the Macintosh system Apple Computer Corporation had introduced nearly two years earlier. Apple had earlier given Microsoft full access to their technology while it was working on making Microsoft products compatible for Apple computers. Gates had advised Apple to license their software but they ignored the advice, being more interested in selling computers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Once again, Gates took full advantage of the situation and created a software format that was strikingly similar to the Macintosh. Apple threatened to sue, and Microsoft retaliated, saying it would delay shipment of its Microsoft-compatible software for Macintosh users. In the end, Microsoft prevailed in the courts because it could prove that while there were similarities in how the two software systems operated, each individual function was distinctly different.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Entrepreneur and Businessman</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Bill Gates' intelligence allowed him to be able to see all sides of the software industry—product development and corporate strategy. When analyzing any corporate move, he would develop a profile of all the possible cases and run through them, asking questions about anything that could possibly happen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Despite the success of Microsoft, Bill Gates never felt totally secure. Always looking over his shoulder to check on the competition, Gates developed a white-hot drive and competitive spirit. Gates expected everyone in the company to have the same dedication. Gates' assistant reported coming to work early to find someone sleeping under a desk. She considered calling security or the police, until she discovered it was Gates. His confrontational management style also became legend, as he would challenge employees and their ideas to keep the creative process going. An unprepared presenter could hear, "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!" from Gates. But this was as much a test of the rigor of the employee as it was Gates' passion for his company. He was constantly checking the people around him to see if they were really convinced of their ideas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Outside the company, Bill Gates was gaining a reputation as a ruthless competitor. Several tech companies, led by IBM, began to develop their own operating system, called OS/2, to replace MS-DOS. Rather than give in to the pressure, Gates pushed ahead with the Windows software, improving its operation and expanding its uses. In 1989, Microsoft introduced Microsoft Office, which bundled office productivity applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel into one system that was compatible with all Microsoft products. The applications were not as easily compatible with OS/2. Microsoft's new version of Windows sold 100,000 copies in just two weeks, and OS/2 soon faded away. This left Microsoft with a virtual monopoly on operating systems for PCs. Soon the Federal Trade Commission began to investigate Microsoft for unfair marketing practices.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Throughout the 1990s, Microsoft faced a string of Federal Trade Commission and Justice Department investigations. Some related allegations that Microsoft made unfair deals with computer manufacturers who installed the Windows operating system on their computers. Other charges involved Microsoft forcing computer manufacturers to sell Microsoft's Internet Explorer as a condition for selling the Windows operating system with their computers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At one point, Microsoft faced a possible break up of its two divisions—operating systems and software development. Microsoft defended itself, harking back to Bill Gates' earlier battles with software piracy and proclaiming that such restrictions were a threat to innovation. Eventually, Microsoft was able to find a settlement with the federal government to avoid a breakup. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Through it all, Gates found some inventive ways to deflect the pressure with lighthearted commercials and public appearances at computer trade shows during which he posed as Star Trek's Mr. Spock. Gates continued to run the company and whether the federal investigations through the 1990s.</span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: x-large;">Awards</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">In addition to being one of the richest and most successful businessmen in the history of the world, Bill Gates has also received numerous awards for philanthropic </span><span style="font-size: large;">work. </span><em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" target="_blank">Time</a></em><span style="font-size: large;"> magazine named Gates one of the most influential people of the 20th century. The magazine also named Gates and his wife Melinda, along with rock band U2's lead singer, Bono</span><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">,<span style="color: red;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;">as the 2005 Persons of the Year</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gates holds several honorary doctorates from universities throughout the world. He was knighted as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire bestowed by Queen Elizabeth in 2005. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 2006, Gates and his wife were awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle by the Mexican government for their philanthropic work throughout the world in the areas of health and education. In 2016, Gates and his wife Melinda were recognized for their philanthropic work when they were named recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom by </span></div>
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<u><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" target="_blank">Former President Barack Obama</a></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Also read:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Mark Zuckerberg -Founder of Facebook</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Trishneet Arora - The youngest businessman</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Steve Jobs - Co-founder of Apple corporation</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-46639752147723446372018-09-29T07:27:00.000-07:002019-04-06T08:58:35.807-07:00Leonardo da Vinci - Inventor, Engineer, Artist, Writer <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5sAlRvWm0UmCzc7cpSmr3phpn4f_npkelqOa-ZpcVhfI-R0AfZv9pWvdQzlFpjoUhyKkgwGVIIz-JaVAfGNgeOvHceMGGOKyS4Rw295U5S8LpJ7qF1RGVtU4JklDaOiyMO7T9kHgGVLlJ/s1600/9k%253D%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5sAlRvWm0UmCzc7cpSmr3phpn4f_npkelqOa-ZpcVhfI-R0AfZv9pWvdQzlFpjoUhyKkgwGVIIz-JaVAfGNgeOvHceMGGOKyS4Rw295U5S8LpJ7qF1RGVtU4JklDaOiyMO7T9kHgGVLlJ/s400/9k%253D%25281%2529.jpg" width="317" /></a></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Leonardo da Vinci</b></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">An artist, Inventor, Engineer. Leonardo da Vinci was Intellectual of the Italian Renaissance who's known for his enduring works "The Last Supper" and the "Mona Lisa."</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">About Leonardo da Vinci?</b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452, to May 2, 1519) was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer, and draftsman — the epitome of a “Renaissance man.” With a curious mind and keen intellect, da Vinci studied the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work. His ideas and body of work have influenced countless artists and made da Vinci a leading light of the Italian Renaissance.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Paintings and Artwork</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Although da Vinci is known for his artistic abilities, fewer than two-dozen paintings attributed to him exist. One reason is that his interests were so varied that he wasn’t a prolific painter. Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous works include the “Vitruvian Man,” “The Last Supper” and the “Mona Lisa.”</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo da Vinci - ‘Vitruvian Man’</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Art and science intersected perfectly in da Vinci’s sketch of “Vitruvian Man,” drawn in 1490, which depicted a male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart inside both a square and a circle. The sketch represents Leonardo’s study of proportion as well as his desire to relate man to nature.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Leonardo da Vinci - 'The Last Supper'</b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Around 1495, Ludovico Sforza, then the Duke of Milan, commissioned da Vinci to paint “The Last Supper” on the back wall of the dining hall inside the monastery of Milan’s Santa Maria Delle Grazie. The masterpiece, which took approximately three years to complete, captures the drama of the moment when Jesus informs the Twelve Apostles gathered for Passover dinner that one of them would soon betray him. The range of facial expressions and the body language of the figures around the table bring the masterful composition to life.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The decision by da Vinci to paint with tempera and oil on dried plaster instead of painting a fresco on fresh plaster led to the quick deterioration and flaking of “The Last Supper.” Although an improper restoration caused further damage to the mural, it has now been stabilized using modern conservation techniques.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">About His One of The Famous Painting - ‘Mona Lisa’</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1503, da Vinci started working on what would become his most well-known painting — and arguably the most famous painting in the world —the “Mona Lisa.” The privately commissioned work is characterized by the enigmatic smile of the woman in the half-portrait, which derives from da Vinci’s sfumato technique.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Adding to the allure of the “Mona Lisa” is the mystery surrounding the identity of the subject. Princess Isabella of Naples, an unnamed courtesan, and da Vinci’s own mother have all been put forth as potential sitters for the masterpiece. It has even been speculated that the subject wasn’t a female at all but da Vinci’s longtime apprentice Salai dressed in women’s clothing. Based on accounts from an early biographer, however, the "Mona Lisa" is a picture of Lisa del Giocondo, the wife of a wealthy Florentine silk merchant. The painting’s original Italian name — “La Gioconda” — supports the theory, but it’s far from certain. Some art historians believe the merchant commissioned the portrait to celebrate the pending birth of the couple’s next child, which means the subject could have been pregnant at the time of the painting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">If the Giocondo family did indeed commission the painting, they never received it. For da Vinci, the "Mona Lisa" was forever a work in progress, as it was his attempt at perfection, and he never parted with the painting. Today, the "Mona Lisa" hangs in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France, secured behind bulletproof glass and regarded as a priceless national treasure seen by millions of visitors each year.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘Battle of Anghiari’</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1503, da Vinci also started work on the “Battle of Anghiari,” a mural commissioned for the council hall in the Palazzo Vecchio that was to be twice as large as “The Last Supper.” He abandoned the project after two years when the mural began to deteriorate before he had a chance to finish it.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sculptures</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ludovico Sforza also tasked da Vinci with sculpting a 16-foot-tall bronze equestrian statue of his father and founder of the family dynasty, Francesco Sforza. With the help of apprentices and students in his workshop, da Vinci worked on the project on and off for more than a dozen years. Leonardo sculpted a life-size clay model of the statue, but the project was put on hold when war with France required bronze to be used for casting cannons, not sculptures. After French forces overran Milan in 1499 — and shot the clay model to pieces — da Vinci fled the city along with the duke and the Sforza family.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ironically, Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, who led the French forces that conquered Ludovico in 1499, followed in his foe’s footsteps and commissioned da Vinci to sculpt a grand equestrian statue, one that could be mounted on his tomb. After years of work and numerous sketches by da Vinci, Trivulzio decided to scale back the size of the statue, which was ultimately never finished.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">His Painting Techniques</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo da Vinci is well known for his pioneering use of two painting techniques:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Chiaroscuro: a stark contrast between darkness and light that gave a three-dimensionality to da Vinci’s figures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sfumato: a technique in which subtle gradations, rather than strict borders, infuse paintings with a softer, smoky aura.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">His painting “Virgin of the Rocks,” begun in 1483, is a classic example of both of these techniques.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo da Vinci's Inventions: The Flying Machine</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A man ahead of his time, da Vinci appeared to prophesy the future with his sketches of machines resembling a bicycle and a helicopter. Perhaps his most well-known “invention” is a “the flying machine,” which is based on the physiology of a bat.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">When Was Leonardo da Vinci Born and Where?</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in a farmhouse nestled amid the undulating hills of Tuscany outside the village of Anchiano, in present-day Italy.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">About His Family, Education and Early Life</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Born out of wedlock to respected Florentine notary Ser Piero and a young peasant woman named Caterina, Leonardo da Vinci was raised by his father and his stepmother. At the age of five, he moved to his father’s family estate in nearby Vinci, the Tuscan town from which the surname associated with Leonardo derives, and lived with his uncle and grandparents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Young Leonardo received little formal education beyond basic reading, writing and mathematics instruction, but his artistic talents were evident from an early age. Around the age of 14, da Vinci began a lengthy apprenticeship with the noted artist Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. He learned a wide breadth of technical skills including metalworking, leather arts, carpentry, drawing, painting and sculpting. His earliest known dated work — a pen-and-ink drawing of a landscape in the Arno valley — was sketched in 1473.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At the age of 20, da Vinci qualified for membership as a master artist in Florence’s Guild of Saint Luke and established his own workshop. However, he continued to collaborate with his teacher for an additional five years. It is thought that del Verrocchio completed his “Baptism of Christ” around 1475 with the help of his student, who painted part of the background and the young angel holding the robe of Jesus. According to Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects, written around 1550 by artist Giorgio Vasari, Verrocchio was so humbled by the superior talent of his pupil that he never picked up a paintbrush again. Most scholars, however, dismiss Vasari’s account as apocryphal.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo Da Vinci as an Engineer</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1482, Florentine ruler Lorenzo de' Medici commissioned da Vinci to create a silver lyre and bring it as a peace gesture to Ludovico Sforza. After doing so, da Vinci lobbied Ludovico for a job and sent the future Duke of Milan a letter that barely mentioned his considerable talents as an artist and instead touted his more marketable skills as a military engineer. Using his inventive mind, da Vinci sketched war machines such as a war chariot with scythe blades mounted on the sides, an armored tank propelled by two men cranking a shaft and even an enormous crossbow that required a small army of men to operate. The letter worked, and Ludovico brought da Vinci to Milan for a tenure that would last 17 years. During his time in Milan, Leonardo was commissioned to work on numerous artistic projects as well, including “The Last Supper.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo’s ability to be employed by the Sforza clan as an architecture and military engineering advisor as well as a painter and sculptor spoke to da Vinci’s keen intellect and curiosity about a wide variety of subjects. Like many leaders of Renaissance humanism, da Vinci did not see a divide between science and art. He viewed the two as intertwined disciplines rather than separate ones. He believed studying science made him a better artist.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1502 and 1503, da Vinci also briefly worked in Florence as a military engineer for Cesare Borgia, the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and commander of the papal army. He travelled outside of Florence to survey military construction projects and sketch city plans and topographical maps. He designed plans, possibly with noted diplomat Niccolò Machiavelli, to divert the Arno River away from rival Pisa in order to deny its wartime enemy access to the sea.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo Da Vinci’s Study of Anatomy and Science</span></b></li>
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Leonardo da Vinci thought sight was humankind’s most important sense and eyes the most important organ, and he stressed the importance of paper vedere, or “knowing how to see.” He believed in the accumulation of direct knowledge and facts through observation.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">“A good painter has two chief objects to paint — man and the intention of his soul,” da Vinci wrote. “The former is easy, the latter hard, for it must be expressed by gestures and the movement of the limbs.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">To more accurately depict those gestures and movements, da Vinci began to study anatomy seriously and dissect human and animal bodies during the 1480s. His drawings of a fetus in utero, the heart and vascular system, sex organs and other bone and muscular structures are some of the first on human record.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In addition to his anatomical investigations, da Vinci studied botany, geology, zoology, hydraulics, aeronautics and physics. He sketched his observations on loose sheets of papers and pads that he tucked inside his belt. He placed the papers in notebooks and arranged them around four broad themes—painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy. He filled dozens of notebooks with finely drawn illustrations and scientific observations. His ideas were mainly theoretical explanations, laid out in exacting detail, but they were rarely experimental.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Was Leonardo da Vinci Gay?</b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Florentine court records show that in 1476 da Vinci and four other young men were charged with sodomy, a crime punishable by exile or even death. After da Vinci was acquitted, his whereabouts went entirely undocumented for the following two years.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">In Final Years</b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo returned to Milan in 1506 to work for the very French rulers who had overtaken the city seven years earlier and forced him to flee. Among the students who joined his studio was young Milanese aristocrat Francesco Melzi, who would become da Vinci’s closest companion for the rest of his life. He did little painting during his second stint in Milan, however, and most of his time was instead dedicated to scientific studies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Amid political strife and the temporary expulsion of the French from Milan, da Vinci left the city and moved to Rome in 1513 along with Salai, Melzi and two studio assistants. Giuliano de’ Medici, brother of newly installed Pope Leo X and son of his former patron, gave da Vinci a monthly stipend along with a suite of rooms at his residence inside the Vatican. His new patron, however, also gave da Vinci little work. Lacking large commissions, he devoted most of his time in Rome to mathematical studies and scientific exploration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After being present at a 1515 meeting between France’s King Francis I and Pope Leo X in Bologna, the new French monarch offered da Vinci the title “Premier Painter and Engineer and Architect to the King.” Along with Melzi, da Vinci departed for France, never to return. He lived in the Chateau de Cloux (now Clos Luce) near the king’s summer palace along the Loire River in Amboise. As in Rome, da Vinci did little painting during his time in France. One of his last commissioned works was a mechanical lion that could walk and open its chest to reveal a bouquet of lilies.</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo Da Vinci’s Death</span></b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519, at the age of 67. He continued work on his scientific studies until his death; his assistant, Melzi, became the principal heir and executor of his estate. The “Mona Lisa” was bequeathed to Salai.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">For centuries after his death, thousands of pages from his private journals with notes, drawings, observations and scientific theories have surfaced and provided a fuller measure of a true “Renaissance man.”</span></div>
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<li style="margin: 5px 0px 5px 2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><b style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">VERROCCHIO'S WORKSHOP, 1466–1476</b></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the most successful artists of his day, Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio. Verrocchio's workshop was at the center of the intellectual currents of Florence, assuring the young Leonardo of education in the humanities. Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo would have been exposed to a vast range of technical skills and had the opportunity to learn drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting, and modeling.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Much of the painted production of Verrocchio's workshop was done by his employees. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus’ robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again. This is probably an exaggeration. On close examination, the painting reveals much that has been painted or touched up over the tempera using the new technique of oil paint, the landscape, the rocks that can be seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo himself may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio, including the bronze statue of David in the Bargello and the Archangel Michael in Tobias and the Angel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of St Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him. Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno valley, drawn on 5 August 1473.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1478, after leaving Verrocchio’s studio, da Vinci received his first independent commission for an altarpiece to reside in a chapel inside Florence’s Palazzo Vecchio. Three years later the Augustinian monks of Florence’s San Donato a Scopeto tasked him to paint “Adoration of the Magi.” The young artist, however, would leave the city and abandon both commissions without ever completing them.</span></div>
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Court records of 1476 show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy, and acquitted. From that date until 1478 there is no record of his work or even of his whereabouts, although it is assumed that Leonardo had his own workshop in Florence between 1476 and 1481. He was commissioned to paint an altarpiece in 1478 for the Chapel of St Bernard and The Adoration of the Magi in 1481 for the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1482 Leonardo helped secure peace between Lorenzo de' Medici and Ludovico il Moro, Duke of Milan. Leonardo wrote a letter to Ludovico, describing his engineering and painting skill. He created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head, with which he was sent to Milan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo continued work in Milan between 1482 and 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria Delle Grazie. While living in Milan between 1493 and 1495 Leonardo listed a woman called Caterina among his dependents in his taxation documents. When she died in 1495, her list of funeral expenditure suggests that she was his mother.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">His work for Ludovico included floats and pageants for special occasions, designs for a dome for Milan Cathedral and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza, Ludovico's predecessor. Leonardo modeled a huge horse in clay, which became known as the "Gran Cavallo", and surpassed in size the two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance. Seventy tons of bronze were set aside for casting it. The monument remained unfinished for several years, which was not unusual for Leonardo. In 1492 the model was completed, and Leonardo was making detailed plans for its casting. Michelangelo rudely implied that Leonardo was unable to cast it. In November 1494 Ludovico gave the bronze to be used for cannons to defend the city from invasion by Charles VIII.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">At the start of the Second Italian War in 1499, the invading French troops used the life-size clay model for the "Gran Cavallo" for target practice. With Ludovico Sforza overthrown, Leonardo, with his assistant Salai and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli, fled Milan for Venice, where he was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that "men and women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were attending a great festival". In 1502 Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and traveling throughout Italy with his patron. He returned to Florence where he rejoined the Guild of St Luke on 18 October 1503 and spent two years designing and painting a great mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina. In Florence in 1504, he was part of a committee formed to relocate, against the artist's will, Michelangelo's statue of David.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1506 he returned to Milan. Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils or followers in painting either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio and Marco D'Oggione. However</span><span style="font-size: 15px;">, </span><span style="font-size: large;">he did not stay in Milan for long because his father had died in 1504, and in 1507 he was back in Florence trying to sort out problems with his brothers over his father's estate. By 1508 he was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time. In October 1515, François I of France recaptured Milan. On 19th December, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francois I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna. It was for Francois that Leonardo was commissioned to make a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé near the king's residence at the royal Chateau Amboise. It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, France, on May 2, 1519. François, I had become a close friend. Vasari records that the King held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, may be legend rather than fact. Vasari also tells us that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament. In accordance to his will, sixty beggars followed his casket. He was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in the castle of Amboise. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library, and personal effects. Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak of good stuff with a fur edge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Some twenty years after Leonardo's death, François was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benvenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture, and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Also read:-</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span> <a href="https://teknowbio.blogspot.com/2017/08/albert-ainstein-scientist-biography.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein:- A Greatest Scientist</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span> <a href="https://teknowbio.blogspot.com/2017/09/A-p-j-abdul-kalam-scientist-president-philosopher-writer-professor.html?m=1" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">A p j Abdul Kalam:- Successful Life story</span></a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-15389072022186027292017-09-21T04:07:00.000-07:002018-10-27T03:47:50.834-07:00A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - Successful Life story<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">A.P.J. Abdul Kalam- A Former President, Engineer, Scientist, Writer, Professor</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Engineer, Scientist, President (1931–2015)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was a prominent Indian scientist, Writer, and a he was also president of India.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <b> A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</b> was a prominent Indian scientist who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. Renowned for his pivotal role in the nation’s civilian space programme and military missile development, he was known as the Missile Man of India. He made significant contributions to India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998 which established him as a national hero. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> An alumnus of the prestigious Madras Institute of Technology, Kalam began his career as a scientist at the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">He was later transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he served as the project director of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). He eventually rejoined DRDO and became closely involved in India’s space programme. he served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister in the 1990s before becoming the President of India in 2002. Immensely popular during his term, he earned the moniker of People's President. He was honored with several awards including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor, for his contribution to the nation’s space and nuclear programme.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> His hopes of becoming a fighter pilot were dashed when he narrowly missed out on a spot with the Indian Air Force. Kalam instead joined the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as a senior scientific assistant in 1958. After moving to the newly formed Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969, he was named project director of the SLV-III, the first satellite launch vehicle designed and produced on Indian soil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Returning to the DRDO as director in 1982, Kalam implemented the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He then became the senior scientific adviser to India's defense minister in 1992, a position he used to campaign for the development of nuclear tests.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Kalam was a key figure in the May 1998 Pokhran-II tests, in which five nuclear devices were detonated in the Rajasthan Desert. Although the tests resulted in condemnation and economic sanctions from other world powers, Kalam was hailed as a national hero for his staunch defense of the country’s security.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> In 2002, India's ruling National Democratic Alliance helped Kalam win an election against Lakshmi Sahgal and become India's 11th president, a largely ceremonial post. Known as the People's President, Kalam set a goal of conducting 500,000 one-on-one meetings with young people over the course of his five-year term. His immense popularity led to him being nominated by MTV for a Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003 and 2006.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> After leaving office in 2007, Kalam became a visiting professor at several universities. He formed the "What Can I Give Movement" in 2011 with the goal of creating a compassionate society, and in 2012, his efforts to improve healthcare led to the release of a tablet for medical personnel to use in remote areas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> <b>A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</b></span> <span style="font-size: large;">was the youngest child in a close-knit family. He was very close to his parents, especially his mother, and had loving relationships with all of his four elder siblings.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> He never married. Throughout his life, he maintained close ties with his siblings and their extended families. A benevolent soul, he often sent money to his elderly relatives.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> He was a very simple person who lived an unpretentious lifestyle. He owned a few possessions—including his beloved veena and collection of books. He didn’t even have a television! A kind-hearted man, he was a vegetarian and consumed simple food.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> A devout Muslim, he had been raised with strict Islamic customs. He respected all religions and was well-versed in Hindu traditions in addition to his Islamic practices. He not only read the namaz daily and fasted during Ramadan, but also regularly read the Bhagavad Gita.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> He remained active till the very end. While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong on 27 July 2015, he collapsed and was rushed to the Bethany Hospital. He was confirmed dead of a cardiac arrest at 7:45 pm. The Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning period as a mark of respect.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> His body was then flown first to Delhi, then to Madurai, and finally to Rameswaram where he was laid to rest at Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honors on 30 July 2015. His last rites were attended by over 350,000 including the Prime Minister, and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</b> grew up in poverty and distributed newspapers as a young boy to contribute to his father’s meager income. </span><span style="font-size: large;">He was a protégé of the great Indian scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai who guided him and gave him valuable advice.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> He always faced the press following failed tests at ISRO and accepted responsibility for his mistakes but never claimed the credit for any of the massive successes achieved at the organization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> He was the first bachelor to become the president and occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan. </span><span style="font-size: large;">Kalam was the third President of India to have been honored with a Bharat Ratna before being elected to the office of President. </span><span style="font-size: large;">He was known to write his own thank you cards with personalized messages in his own handwriting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> He was a scholar of Thirukkural (a classic of couplets or Kurals) and was known to quote at least one couplet in most of his speeches. </span><span style="font-size: large;">He had a keen interest in literature and wrote poems in his native Tamil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> A practicing Muslim, he was also well versed with Hindu traditions and read the Bhagavad Gita. </span><span style="font-size: large;">He had more than a million followers on Twitter but followed only 38 people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium (co-authored with Yagnaswami Sundara Rajan, 1998)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Wings of Fire: An Autobiography (1999)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India (2002)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Luminous Sparks (2004)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Inspiring Thoughts (2007)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond (co-authored with Arun Tiwari, 2011)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Turning Points: A Journey Through Challenges (2012)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 (co-authored with V. Ponraj, 2014)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji (co-authored with Arun Tiwari, 2015)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Books On Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam:</span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">President <b>A P J Abdul Kalam</b> by R K Pruthi, 2000</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr. Kalam by S Chandra, 2002</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>A P J Abdul Kalam</b>: The Visionary of India by K Bhushan and G Katyal, 2002</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P M Nair, 2008</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K George, 2009</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeRDmz1aWbkQ0_xxK3ejJEMXoVfdTwPZbdXw6oizD2cEpSXX35gW34RU6Cxwe-ur5OmOgwSSrydXVC5nQk8dtpkOVGI0_q0J0SOmZAUbR12Ur7tPvYJzgCIlyMLAOuQO-7_dJRzx9q-2XZ/s1600/main-qimg-83cfd9ea5089eef5605889a7a806c35a.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="602" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeRDmz1aWbkQ0_xxK3ejJEMXoVfdTwPZbdXw6oizD2cEpSXX35gW34RU6Cxwe-ur5OmOgwSSrydXVC5nQk8dtpkOVGI0_q0J0SOmZAUbR12Ur7tPvYJzgCIlyMLAOuQO-7_dJRzx9q-2XZ/s320/main-qimg-83cfd9ea5089eef5605889a7a806c35a.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Awards:</span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">2014 Doctor of Science Edinburgh University</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2013 Von Braun from the National Space Society</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2012 Doctor of Laws Simon Fraser University</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2011 IEEE Honorary Membership IEEE</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2009 Hoover Medal ASME Foundation, USA</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2008 Doctor of Engineering Nanyang Technological University, Singapore</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2007 Doctorate of Science from the University of Wolverhampton, UK</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2007 King Charles II Medal from Royal Society, UK</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">2000 Ramanujan Award from Always Research Centre, Chennai</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">1998 Veer Savarkar Award from Government of India</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">1997 Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration from Indian National Congress</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">1997 Bharat Ratna from Government of India</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">1990 Padma Vibhushan from Government of India</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">1981 Padma Bhushan from Government of India</span><br />
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<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Death</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0JJOprBJ80k0kixZMAiqmBEqomebwkGhduaPQ8ZumeB1A8jXJGg8_xqbdSB3P7L_kArYz-FCEuTBK-CGmaRWBW0f7eGsAvekxlGe2tIIeM6YmNjH3JxntRSDoYs8PvvPBFDmS9l49Au9/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0JJOprBJ80k0kixZMAiqmBEqomebwkGhduaPQ8ZumeB1A8jXJGg8_xqbdSB3P7L_kArYz-FCEuTBK-CGmaRWBW0f7eGsAvekxlGe2tIIeM6YmNjH3JxntRSDoYs8PvvPBFDmS9l49Au9/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">On July 27, 2015, Kalam suffered a massive heart attack while lecturing at the Indian Institute of Management and subsequently died at the age of 83.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">You Can Also read:-</span><br />
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<a href="https://teknowbio.blogspot.com/2017/08/albert-ainstein-scientist-biography.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein- A great scientist ever in the history</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://teknowbio.blogspot.com/2017/08/albert-ainstein-scientist-biography.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Isaac Newton- A Scientist</a></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://teknowbio.blogspot.com/2018/09/leonardo-da-vinci-artist-inventor.html" target="_blank">Leonardo Da Vinci:- Inventor, Engineer, Artist, Writer</a></span><br />
<br /></div>
<h4>
<span style="font-size: large;">Notice :</span></h4>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-75356970616039815492017-09-19T11:58:00.001-07:002018-09-14T22:26:14.331-07:00Samuel Johnson - Poet, Author, Journalist, Editor, <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRTRB0kWWxG6zlcwVb2uxzbFvpYzQnwXhPe4DtTPQXgR1FCyJ8MKttbaOS1Pg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Samuel Johnson</h2>
Born: September 18, 1709<br />
Litchfield, Staffordshire, England<br />
Died: December 13, 1784<br />
London, England<br />
English author and lexicographer<br />
<br />
The writings of the English author and lexicographer (an author or editor of a dictionary) Samuel Johnson express a deep respect for the past combined with an energetic independence of mind. The mid-eighteenth century in England is often called the "Age of Johnson."<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVrIEtfoqixKznoa8hYK8-SIEbQ5aaL6dVGJ7ZlOSDI30VbWN3E46jxnXAIzP6oYeVTlQYzFpiqosTEcEY-wuJyzJVJ-eAzj0tOZxJRXXYt1IU9rR3-rIEpcsTwW_RR2MpHZ4Er5VJbUt6/s1600/Samuel-Johnson-citazioni.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="318" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVrIEtfoqixKznoa8hYK8-SIEbQ5aaL6dVGJ7ZlOSDI30VbWN3E46jxnXAIzP6oYeVTlQYzFpiqosTEcEY-wuJyzJVJ-eAzj0tOZxJRXXYt1IU9rR3-rIEpcsTwW_RR2MpHZ4Er5VJbUt6/s320/Samuel-Johnson-citazioni.jpeg" width="254" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="http://isismagazine.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Samuel-Johnson-citazioni.jpeg" target="_blank">here</a></span></td></tr>
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Early life and Education</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left;">Samuel Johnson was born in Litchfield, Staffordshire, England, on September 18, 1709, the son of Michael Johnson and Sarah Ford. His father was a bookseller, and Johnson owed much of his education to the fact that he grew up in a bookstore. Johnson was plagued by illness all his life. As a child he suffered from scrofula (an infection of the face that causes scars), smallpox, and partial deafness and blindness. One of his first memories was of being taken to London, England, where he was touched by Queen Anne (1665–1714) (the touch of the ruler was then thought to be a cure scrofula).</span></div>
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Johnson was educated at the Litchfield Grammar School, where he learned Latin and Greek. He later studied with a minister in a nearby village from whom he learned a valuable lesson—that if one is to master any subject, one must first discover its general principles, or, as Johnson put it, "but grasp the Trunk hard only, and you will shake all the Branches." In 1728 and 1729 Johnson spent fourteen months at Pembroke College, Oxford. Too poor and embarrassed by his poverty, Johnson could not complete the work for a degree. Johnson supported himself with teaching jobs after his father died in 1731. In 1735 he married Elizabeth Porter, a widow some twenty years older than him. Still trying to find a way to make a living, Johnson opened a boarding school, which had only three pupils. One of them was David Garrick (1717–1779), who would eventually become a famous actor.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Years of success and fame</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Johnson's Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, a moral fable (a mythical story that usually teaches a lesson about life) concerned with an innocent young man's search for the secret of happiness, appeared in 1759. The work was immediately successful; six editions and a number of translations appeared during Johnson's lifetime. In 1762 Johnson accepted a yearly pension of £300 from King George III (1738–1820). A year later he met James Boswell (1740–1795), the son of a Scottish judge. Boswell became Johnson's devoted companion and eventually wrote the great biography of his hero.<br />
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In 1765 Johnson met Henry Thrale, a well-to-do brewer, and in the Thrales' home Johnson found an escape from the solitude he had experienced since his wife's death in 1752. In 1765 Johnson published an eight-volume edition of the works of William Shakespeare (1564–1616). In 1773 James Boswell persuaded Johnson to join him in a tour of Scotland, and both men recorded their trip—Johnson's A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (1775) and Boswell's journal.<br />
<br />
Johnson's last great work, the ten-volume Prefaces, Biographical and Critical, to the Works of the English Poets (better known as the Lives of the Poets ), was completed when he was seventy-two. It is a series of biographical and critical studies of fifty-two English poets. Johnson was saddened in his last years by the death of his old friend Dr. Robert Levett, by the death of Thrale, and by a quarrel with Thrale's widow, who had remarried with, what seemed to Johnson, inappropriate haste. Johnson died on December 13, 1784, in his house in London, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Death</li>
</ul>
</h3>
At the age of 75, Johnson died on December 13, 1784, in London, England. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Boswell's famous biography, published in 1791, provided a lasting tribute to Johnson's life and work.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Fact Check</h3>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-45616377996973778992017-09-13T12:50:00.001-07:002018-09-14T22:29:01.201-07:00Warren Buffett - Business Leader, Investor, <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Warren Buffett</h3>
Business Leader, Investor, Philanthropist<br />
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The so-called Sage of Omaha, who turns 88 on Wednesday August 30, has a net worth of more than $82.8 billion, but lives a modest lifestyle.<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Childhood</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Businessman and investor. Warren Edward Buffett born on August 30, in 1930, the legendary Warren Edward Buffett’s birthplace was Omaha, Nebraska. He is the second child to his parents- father Howard Buffett and mother Leila. Warren Buffett’s father was a U.S. Congressman, who was Scandinavian by origin and his mother was Spanish.<br />
A true entrepreneur at heart and a brilliant student with a knack of learning Economics and business studies, Warren Buffett is today the second richest person of the world after Bill Gates. He is popularly termed as the “Wizard of Omaha” and the “Sage of Omaha”.<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Higher Education and Early Career </li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Buffett enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 16 to study business. He stayed two years, moved to the University of Nebraska to finish up his degree, and emerged from college at age 20 with nearly $10,000 from his childhood businesses.<br />
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Influenced by Benjamin Graham's 1949 book, The Intelligent Investor, Buffett enrolled at Columbia Business School to study under the acclaimed economist and investor. After earning his master's degree in 1951, he sold securities for Buffett-Falk & Company for three years, then worked for his mentor for two years as an analyst at Graham-Newman Corp.<br />
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In 1956, Buffet formed the firm Buffett Partnership Ltd. in his hometown of Omaha. Utilizing the techniques learned from Graham, he was successful in identifying undervauled companies and became a millionaire. One such enterprise Buffett valued was a textile company named Berkshire Hathaway. He began accumulating stock in the early 1960s, and by 1965 he had assumed control of the company.<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Early Life</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Businessman and investor. Born Warren Edward Buffett on August 30, 1930, in Omaha, Nebraska. Buffett's father, Howard, worked as stockbroker and served as a U.S. congressman. His mother, Leila Stahl Buffett, was a homemaker. Buffett was the second of three children and the only boy.<br />
<br />
Buffett demonstrated a knack for financial and business matters early in his childhood. Friends and acquaintances have said the young boy was a mathematical prodigy who could add large columns of numbers in his head, a talent he occasionally demonstrated in his later years.<br />
<br />
Warren often visited his father's stockbrokerage shop as a child, and chalked in the stock prices on the blackboard in the office. At 11 years old he made his first investment, buying three shares of Cities Service Preferred at $38 per share. The stock quickly dropped to only $27, but Buffett held on tenaciously until they reached $40. He sold his shares at a small profit, but regretted the decision when Cities Service shot up to nearly $200 a share. He later cited this experience as an early lesson in patience in investment.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Personal Life & Legacy</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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He married Susan Thompson in 1952. The couple had three children. Susan left him in 1977 to pursue her own career and started living separately. They never divorced and remained legally married till Susan’s death in 2004.<br />
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He married his longtime partner, Astrid Menks in 2006; the couple had known each other from the time his first wife left him.<br />
He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in April 2012 and has successfully completed his treatment.<br />
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He believes in giving back to the society and has pledged to give away the major portion of his wealth to charity, with 83% of it going to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>First Entrepreneurial Venture</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Warren Buffett was just 11years old when he purchased his first shares for himself and as well as for his sister. During his graduation and studies at age of 20 he saved $9,800, and he rushed to meet Graham who was on the board of GEICO insurance. Warren yearned to work for Graham and that too without any fees. But he was refused the job and soon he came back to Omaha. He then started pursuing classes on “Investment principles” during which he also purchased a gas station, which unfortunately didn’t turn out to be profitable for him.<br />
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By the age of 13, Buffett was running his own businesses as a paperboy and selling his own horseracing tip sheet. That same year, he filed his first tax return, claiming his bike as a $35 tax deduction.<br />
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In 1942, Buffett's father was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, and his family moved to Fredricksburg, Virginia, to be closer to the congressman's new post. Buffett attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Washington, D.C., where he continued plotting new ways to make money. During his high school tenure, he and a friend purchased a used pinball machine for $25. They installed it in a barbershop, and within a few months the profits enabled them to buy other machines. Buffett owned machines in three different locations before he sold the business for $1,200.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Personal Life & Legacy</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
He married Susan Thompson in 1952. The couple had three children. Susan left him in 1977 to pursue her own career and started living separately. They never divorced and remained legally married till Susan’s death in 2004.<br />
He married his longtime partner, Astrid Menks in 2006; the couple had known each other from the time his first wife left him.<br />
He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in April 2012 and has successfully completed his treatment.<br />
He believes in giving back to the society and has pledged to give away the major portion of his wealth to charity, with 83% of it going to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Berkshire Hathaway</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Berkshire Hathaway proved to be a very challenging business to run. During the next twenty years, Buffett, along with Ken Chace, who managed the textile group, labored intensely to turn around the New England textile mills. Results were disappointing. Returns on equity struggled to reach double digits.<br />
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Buffett made it clear that he expected the textile group to earn positive returns on modest capital expenditures. "I won't close down a business of sub-normal profitability merely to add a fraction of a point to our corporate returns," said Buffett. "I also feel it is inappropriate for even an exceptionally profitable company to fund an operation once it appears to have unending losses in prospect. Adam Smith would disagree with my first proposition and Karl Marx would disagree with my second; the middle ground," he explained, "is the only position that leaves me comfortable."<br />
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As Berkshire Hathaway entered the 1980s, Buffett was coming to grips with certain realities. First, the very nature of the textile business made high returns on equity improbable. Textiles are commodities and commodities by definition have a difficult time distinguishing their products from those of competitors. Foreign competition, employing a cheap labor force, was squeezing profit margins. Second, in order to stay competitive, the textile mills would require significant capital improvements, a prospect that is frightening in an inflationary environment and disastrous if the business returns are anemic.<br />
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By 1980, the annual report revealed ominous clues for the future of the textile group. That year, the group lost its prestigious lead-off position in the Chairman's Letter. By the next year, the textile group was not discussed in the letter at all. Then, the inevitable: in July 1985, Buffett closed the books on the textile group, thus ending a business that began some one hundred years earlier.<br />
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Despite the misfortunes of the textile group, the experience was not a complete failure. First, Buffett learned a valuable lesson about corporate turnarounds: they seldom succeed. Second, the textile group did generate enough capital in the early years to buy an insurance company, and that is a much brighter story.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The Buffett Partnership</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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The Buffett Partnership began with seven limited partners who together contributed $105,000. Buffett, the general partner, started with $100. The limited partners received 6 percent annually on their investment and 75 percent of the profits above this bogey; Buffett earned the other 25 percent. But the goal of the partnership was relative, not absolute. Buffett's intention, he told his partners, was to beat the Dow Jones Industrial Average by ten percentage points.<br />
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Buffett promised his partners that "our investments will be chosen on the basis of value not popularity" and that the partnership "will attempt to reduce permanent capital loss (not short-term quotational loss) to a minimum." Initially, the partnership bought undervalued common stocks based on Graham's strict criteria. In addition, Buffett also engaged in merger arbitrage — a strategy in which the stocks of two merging companies are simultaneously bought and sold to create a riskless profit.<br />
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Out of the gate, the Buffett partnership posted incredible numbers. In its first five years (1957-1961), a period in which the Dow was up 75%, the partnership gained 251% (181% for limited partners). Buffett was beating the Dow not by the promised ten percentage points but by an average of 35.<br />
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In the beginning, Buffett confined the partnership to buying undervalued securities and certain merger arbitrage announcements. But in the fifth year, he purchased his first controlling interest in a business, the Dempster Mill Manufacturing Company, a maker of farm equipment. Next he began buying shares in an ailing New England textile company called Berkshire Hathaway, and by 1965 he had control of the business.<br />
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Since 1956, the valuation strategy outlined by Graham and used by Buffett dominated the stock market. But by the mid 1960s a new era was unfolding. It was called the "Go-Go Years" (the "go-go" referred to growth stocks). It was a time when greed began driving the market and where fast money was made and lost in the pursuit of high-flying performance stocks.<br />
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Despite the underlying shift in market psychology, the Buffett Partnership continued to post outstanding results. By the end of 1966, the partnership had gained 1,156% (704% for limited partners), blitzing the Dow, which rose 123% over the same period. Even so, Buffett was becoming increasingly uneasy. Whereas the market had been dancing to the principles outlined by Graham, the new music being played in the stock market made little sense to Buffett.<br />
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In 1969, Buffett decided to end the investment partnership. He found the market highly speculative and worthwhile values increasingly scarce. By the late 1960s, the stock market was dominated by highly priced growth stocks. The "Nifty-Fifty" were on the tip of every investor's tongue. Stocks like Avon, Polaroid, and Xerox were trading at fifty to one hundred times earnings. Buffett mailed a letter to his partners confessing that he was out of step with the current market environment. "On one point, however, I am clear," he said. "I will not abandon a previous approach whose logic I understand, although I find it difficult to apply, even though it may mean forgoing large and apparently easy profits, to embrace an approach which I don't fully understand, have not practiced successfully and which possibly could lead to substantial permanent loss of capital."<br />
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When Buffett disbanded the partnership, many thought the "money-changer's" best days were behind him. In reality, he was just getting started.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Achievements</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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In 2008, Buffett became the richest person in the world. He then went on to become a billionaire with an estimate of his company valuing approximately US$62 billion. In 2009, he donated billions of dollars to the charity and even after that Buffett was ranked as the second richest man in the United States with a net worth of US$37 billion.Warren Buffett despite having two children and a full-fledged happy family is known to donate 99.9 percent of his wealth. Warren Buffet is a perfect example for the budding entrepreneurs conveying a clear message of vision, mission, focus and hard work.Countless books have been written about him and his investment strategies:<br />
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1. Robert Hagstrom, “The Warren Buffett Way”<br />
2. Carol J. Loomis, “Tap Dancing to Work (Warren Buffett on Practically Everything, 1966-2012) A Fortune Magazine Book”.<br />
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Warren Buffett was named as the top money manager of the Twentieth CenturyPresidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack ObamaTime's 100 Most Influential People in the world by Time Magazine.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-52493945820451432582017-09-11T03:40:00.000-07:002018-10-10T21:27:26.683-07:00William Shakespeare - The English playwright, poet, and actor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
William Shakespeare </h2>
Born: 1564, Stratford-upon-Avon, United Kingdom<br />
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Died: 23 April 1616, Stratford-upon-Avon, United Kingdom<br />
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Resting place: Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon<br />
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Baptised: 26 April 1564<br />
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Awards: Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Revival<br />
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Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor. He was born on 26 April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His father was a successful local businessman and his mother was the daughter of a landowner. Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and nicknamed the Bard of Avon. He wrote about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, of which the authorship of some is uncertain. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>About William Shakespeare </li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Known throughout the world, the works of William Shakespeare have been performed in countless hamlets, villages, cities and metropolises for more than 400 years. And yet, the personal history of William Shakespeare is somewhat a mystery. There are two primary sources that provide historians with a basic outline of his life. One source is his work — the plays, poems and sonnets — and the other is official documentation such as church and court records. However, these only provide brief sketches of specific events in his life and provide little on the person who experienced those events.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Plays</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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While it’s difficult to determine the exact chronology of William Shakespeare’s plays, over the course of two decades, from about 1590 to 1613, he wrote a total of 37 plays revolving around several main themes: histories, tragedies, comedies and tragicomedies.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> William Shakespeare's Histories and Comedies</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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With the exception of the tragic love story Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare's first plays were mostly histories. Henry VI (Parts I, II and III), Richard II and Henry V dramatize the destructive results of weak or corrupt rulers, and have been interpreted by drama historians as Shakespeare's way of justifying the origins of the Tudor Dynasty. Julius Caesar portrays upheaval in Roman politics that may have resonated with viewers at a time when England’s aging monarch, Queen Elizabeth I, had no legitimate heir, thus creating the potential for future power struggles.<br />
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Shakespeare also wrote several comedies during his early period: the witty romance A Midsummer Night's Dream, the romantic Merchant of Venice, the wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming As You Like It and Twelfth Night.<br />
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Other plays written before 1600 include Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, Love’s Labour’s Lost, King John, The Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry V.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Retirement and Death</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Shakespeare retired from public life in 1610, right after the bubonic plague began to subside its attack on London. This act was unusual for the time, but he was by no means less active. In fact, the playwright continued to make frequent trips to London to collaborate with other playwrights, such as John Fletcher, and to spend time with his son-in-law John Hall, who married his elder daughter Susanna in 1607.<br />
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The playwright was an active dramatist and writer up until 1613 when the last of his great works was finished. From then on, Shakespeare spent most of his time in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he had purchased the second-largest home in town for his family.<br />
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William Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616, and was buried at the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford two days later, with a curse written on his tombstone to ward off those who would disturb his bones. He was 52 years old at the time of his death and was survived by his wife, Anna, and their two daughters. There are no direct descendants from Shakespeare's line, as both daughters had children who did not make it to adulthood.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Marriage and children</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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A few years after he left school, in late 1582, William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. She was already expecting their first-born child, Susanna, which was a fairly common situation at the time. When they married, Anne was 26 and William was 18. Anne grew up just outside Stratford in the village of Shottery. After marrying, she spent the rest of her life in Stratford.<br />
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In early 1585, the couple had twins, Judith and Hamnet, completing the family. In the years ahead, Anne and the children lived in Stratford while Shakespeare worked in London, although we don't know when he moved there. Some later observers have suggested that this separation, and the couple's relatively few children, were signs of a strained marriage, but we do not know that, either. Someone pursuing a theater career had no choice but to work in London, and many branches of the Shakespeares had small families.<br />
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Shakespeare's only son, Hamnet, died in 1596 at the age of 11. His older daughter Susanna later married a well-to-do Stratford doctor, John Hall. Their daughter Elizabeth, Shakespeare's first grandchild, was born in 1608. In 1616, just months before his death, Shakespeare's daughter Judith married Thomas Quiney, a Stratford vintner. The family subsequently died out, leaving no direct descendants of Shakespeare.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Nondramatic works</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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The theaters were closed because of plague (a bacteria-caused disease that spreads quickly and can cause death) during much of 1593 and 1594. At this time Shakespeare wrote two narrative poems for the Earl of Southampton. Both the seriocomic (both happy and sad) Venus and Adonis and the tragic Rape of Lucrece are based on the Renaissance traditions of myth and symbolism.<br />
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Shakespeare's most famous poems are the 154 sonnets. They were probably composed in this period but were not published until 1609. Sonnets are fourteen-line poems with a fixed rhyme scheme. Though they often suggest autobiographical revelation (the discovery or realization in oneself), the sonnets cannot be proved to be any less fictional than the plays.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The Lord Chamberlain's Men</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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In 1594 Shakespeare became principal writer for the successful Lord Chamberlain's Men in London. This was one of the two leading companies of actors. He also became a regular actor in the company and a partner in the group of artist-managers who ran it. The company performed regularly in unroofed but elaborate theaters that seated up to three thousand people. The actors performed on a huge platform stage equipped with additional levels for performances. The audience sat on three sides or stood on the ground in front of the stage. In 1599 this group had the Globe Theater built on the south bank of the Thames River.<br />
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Shakespeare produced many plays for the company. They include the comedies The Taming of the Shrew (1594) about the taming of an ill-tempered, scolding woman and A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595), in which fairies and magic potions in moonlit woods become entangled with young lovers who escape from a cruel society. These were followed by The Merchant of Venice (1596), Much Ado about Nothing (1598), The Merry Wives of Windsor (1599), and As You Like It (1600).<br />
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Shakespeare's tragedies of the period are among his most familiar plays: Romeo and Juliet (1596), Julius Caesar (1599), and Hamlet (1601). Although very different from each other, they share the setting of intense personal tragedy in a large world vividly populated by what seems like the whole range of humanity. Like most of his contemporaries in the theater, Shakespeare used the same techniques in writing comedies as tragedies. Politics are constantly present, and what is best in the protagonist (hero) is what does him in when he finds himself in conflict with the world.<br />
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Shakespeare, continuing his interest in the historical play, wrote King John (1596). Despite its one strong character it is a relatively weak play. His other epics range from Richard II (1595), through the two parts of Henry IV (1597), to Henry V (1599). These four plays pose disturbing questions about politics, particularly the difference between the man capable of ruling and the man worthy of doing so. They are not optimistic about man as a political animal.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The "problem plays"</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Several plays produced at the end of Elizabeth's reign are often grouped as Shakespeare's "problem plays." They are not easily categorized as either tragedies or comedies. All's Well That Ends Well (1602) is a romantic comedy with qualities that seem bitter to many critics because it presents romantic relations between men and women in a harsh light. Troilus and Cressida (1602), is a brilliant, sardonic (skeptically humorous), and disillusioned piece on the Trojan War. Measure for Measure (1604) focuses on the link between political power and romantic desire.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Final years</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Shakespeare prospered financially from his partnership in the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men), as well as from his writing and acting. He invested much of his wealth in real-estate purchases in Stratford and bought the second-largest house in town, New Place, in 1597.<br />
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Among the last plays that Shakespeare worked on was The Two Noble Kinsmen, which he wrote with a frequent collaborator, John Fletcher, most likely in 1613. He died on April 23, 1616—the traditional date of his birthday, though his precise birthdate is unknown. We also do not know the cause of his death. His brother-in-law had died a week earlier, which could imply infectious disease, but Shakespeare's health may have had a longer decline.<br />
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The memorial bust of Shakespeare at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford is considered one of two authentic likenesses, because it was approved by people who knew him. (The bust in the Folger's Paster Reading Room, shown at left, is a copy of this statue.) The other such likeness is the engraving by Martin Droeshout in the 1623 First Folio edition of Shakespeare's plays, produced seven years after his death by his friends and colleagues from the King's Men.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-9348593427846062552017-09-09T03:30:00.001-07:002018-10-22T11:17:40.288-07:00Mahatma Gandhi - "Father of Nation", Great Leader, Philosopher, Politician<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Mahatma Gandhi </h2>
Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent Indian political leader who campaigned for Indian independence and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. He employed it's principles and peaceful disobedience. He was assassinated in 1948, shortly after achieving his life goal of Indian independence. In India, he is known as ‘Father of the Nation’.<br />
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Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement .<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>About Mahatma Gandhi?</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Mahatma Gandhi (October 2, 1869 to January 30, 1948) was the leader of India , who use to lead India’s non-violent independence movement against British rule, In South Africa who had advocated for the civil rights of Indians. He was Born in Porbandar, India, he studied law and organized boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience.He was killed by a fanatic in 1948<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Gandhi's Religion and Beliefs</li>
</ul>
</h3>
Gandhi said his great aim in life was to have a vision of God. He sought to worship God and promote religious understanding. He sought inspiration from many different religions: Jainism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and incorporated them into his own philosophy.<br />
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He considered a morally rigid ancient Indian religion in which he used to support non-violence, fasting, meditation and vegetarianism.<br />
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During Gandhi’s first stay in London, from 1888 to 1891, he became more committed to a meatless diet, joining the executive committee of the London Vegetarian Society, and started to read a variety of sacred texts to learn more about world religions.<br />
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Living in South Africa, Gandhi continued to study world religions. “The religious spirit within me became a living force,” he wrote of his time there. He immersed himself in sacred Hindu spiritual texts and adopted a life of simplicity, austerity, fasting and celibacy that was free of material goods.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Gandhi and his Ashram. </li>
</ul>
</h3>
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In 1915 Gandhi founded an ashram in Ahmedabad, India, that was open to all castes. Wearing a simple loincloth and shawl, Gandhi lived an austere life devoted to prayer, fasting and meditation. He became known as “Mahatma,” which means “great soul.”<br />
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In 1932, Gandhi, at the time imprisoned in India, embarked on a six-day fast to protest the British decision to segregate the “untouchables,” those on the lowest rung of India’s caste system, by allotting them separate electorates. The public outcry forced the British to amend the proposal<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>His Assassination</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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In the late afternoon of January 30, 1948, the 78-year-old Gandhi, weakened from repeated hunger strikes, clung to his two grandnieces as they led him from his living quarters in New Delhi’s Birla House to a prayer meeting. Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse, upset at Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims, knelt before the Mahatma before pulling out a semiautomatic pistol and shooting him three times at point-blank range. The violent act took the life of a pacifist who spent his life preaching nonviolence. Godse and a co-conspirator were executed by hanging in November 1949, while additional conspirators were sentenced to life in prison.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Wife and Family</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Mahatma Gandhi’s father, Karamchand Gandhi, served as a chief minister in Porbandar and other states in western India. His mother, Putlibai, was a deeply religious woman who fasted regularle age of 13, Mahatma Gandhi wed Kasturba Makanji, a merchant’s daughter, in an arranged marriage. In 1885, he endured the passing of his father and shortly after that the death of his young baby. In 1888, Gandhi’s wife gave birth to the first of four surviving sons. A second son was born in India 1893; Kasturba would give birth to two more sons while living in South Africa, one in 1897 and one in 1900.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Early Life and Education</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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Young Gandhi was a shy, unremarkable student who was so timid that he slept with the lights on even as a teenager. In the ensuing years, the teenager rebelled by smoking, eating meat and stealing change from household servants.<br />
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Although Gandhi was interested in becoming a doctor, his father had hoped he would also become a government minister, so his family steered him to enter the legal profession. In 1888, 18-year-old Gandhi sailed for London, England, to study law. The young Indian struggled with the transition to Western culture.<br />
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Upon returning to India in 1891, Gandhi learned that his mother had died just weeks earlier. He struggled to gain his footing as a lawyer. In his first courtroom case, a nervous Gandhi blanked when the time came to cross-examine a witness. He immediately fled the courtroom after reimbursing his client for his legal fees.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Gandhi in South Africa</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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After struggling to find work as a lawyer in India, Gandhi obtained a one-year contract to perform legal services in South Africa. In April 1893, he sailed for Durban in the South African state of Natal.<br />
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When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, he was quickly appalled by the discrimination and racial segregation faced by Indian immigrants at the hands of white British and Boer authorities. Upon his first appearance in a Durban courtroom, Gandhi was asked to remove his turban. He refused and left the court instead. The Natal Advertiser mocked him in print as “an unwelcome visitor.”<br />
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A seminal moment in Gandhi’s life occurred days later on June 7, 1893, during a train trip to Pretoria, South Africa, when a white man objected to his presence in the first-class railway compartment, although he had a ticket. Refusing to move to the back of the train, Gandhi was forcibly removed and thrown off the train at a station in Pietermaritzburg. His act of civil disobedience awoke in him a determination to devote himself to fighting the “deep disease of color prejudice.” He vowed that night to “try, if possible, to root out the disease and suffer hardships in the process.” From that night forward, the small, unassuming man would grow into a giant force for civil rights. Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 to fight discrimination.<br />
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At the end of his year-long contract, Gandhi prepared to return to India until he learned, at his farewell party, of a bill before the Natal Legislative Assembly that would deprive Indians of the right to vote. Fellow immigrants convinced Gandhi to stay and lead the fight against the legislation. Although Gandhi could not prevent the law’s passage, he drew international attention to the injustice.<br />
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After a brief trip to India in late 1896 and early 1897, Gandhi returned to South Africa with his wife and children. Gandhi ran a thriving legal practice, and at the outbreak of the Boer War, he raised an all-Indian ambulance corps of 1,100 volunteers to support the British cause, arguing that if Indians expected to have full rights of citizenship in the British Empire, they also needed to shoulder their responsibilities as well.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>About his Satyagraha and Nonviolent Civil Disobedience</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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In 1906, Gandhi organized his first mass civil-disobedience campaign, which he called “Satyagraha” (“truth and firmness”), in reaction to the South African Transvaal government’s new restrictions on the rights of Indians, including the refusal to recognize Hindu marriages.<br />
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After years of protests, the government imprisoned hundreds of Indians in 1913, including Gandhi. Under pressure, the South African government accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts that included recognition of Hindu marriages and the abolition of a poll tax for Indians. When Gandhi sailed from South Africa in 1914 to return home, Smuts wrote, “The saint has left our shores, I sincerely hope forever.” At the outbreak of World War I, Gandhi spent several months in London.<br />
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In 1919, with India still under the firm control of the British, Gandhi had a political reawakening when the newly enacted Rowlatt Act authorized British authorities to imprison people suspected of sedition without trial. In response, Gandhi called for a Satyagraha campaign of peaceful protests and strikes. Violence broke out instead, which culminated on April 13, 1919, in the Massacre of Amritsar, when troops led by British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer fired machine guns into a crowd of unarmed demonstrators and killed nearly 400 people. No longer able to pledge allegiance to the British government, Gandhi returned the medals he earned for his military service in South Africa and opposed Britain’s mandatory military draft of Indians to serve in World War I.<br />
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Gandhi became a leading figure in the Indian home-rule movement. Calling for mass boycotts, he urged government officials to stop working for the Crown, students to stop attending government schools, soldiers to leave their posts and citizens to stop paying taxes and purchasing British goods. Rather than buy British-manufactured clothes, he began to use a portable spinning wheel to produce his own cloth, and the spinning wheel soon became a symbol of Indian independence and self-reliance. Gandhi assumed the leadership of the Indian National Congress and advocated a policy of non-violence and non-cooperation to achieve home rule.<br />
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After British authorities arrested Gandhi in 1922, he pleaded guilty to three counts of sedition. Although sentenced to a six-year imprisonment, Gandhi was released in February 1924 after appendicitis surgery. He discovered upon his release that relations between India’s Hindus and Muslims had devolved during his time in jail, and when violence between the two religious groups flared again, Gandhi began a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924 to urge unity. He remained away from active politics during much of the latter 1920s.<br />
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Gandhi and Salt March</li>
</ul>
</h3>
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In 1930, Gandhi returned to active politics to protest Britain’s Salt Acts, which not only prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt—a dietary staple—but imposed a heavy tax that hit the country’s poorest particularly hard. Gandhi planned a new Satyagraha campaign that entailed a 390-kilometer/240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, where he would collect salt in symbolic defiance of the government monopoly.<br />
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“My ambition is no less than to convert the British people through non-violence and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India,” he wrote days before the march to the British viceroy, Lord Irwin.<br />
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Wearing a homespun white shawl and sandals and carrying a walking stick, Gandhi set out from his religious retreat in Sabarmati on March 12, 1930, with a few dozen followers. By the time he arrived 24 days later in the coastal town of Dandi, the ranks of the marchers swelled, and Gandhi broke the law by making salt from evaporated seawater.<br />
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The Salt March sparked similar protests, and mass civil disobedience swept across India. Approximately 60,000 Indians were jailed for breaking the Salt Acts, including Gandhi, who was imprisoned in May 1930. Still, the protests against the Salt Acts elevated Gandhi into a transcendent figure around the world, and he was named Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” for 1930.<br />
<br />
Gandhi was released from prison in January 1931, and two months later he made an agreement with Lord Irwin to end the Salt Satyagraha in exchange for concessions that included the release of thousands of political prisoners. The agreement, however, largely kept the Salt Acts intact, but it did give those who lived on the coasts the right to harvest salt from the sea. Hoping that the agreement would be a stepping-stone to home rule, Gandhi attended the London Round Table Conference on Indian constitutional reform in August 1931 as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference, however, proved fruitless.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Gandhi and Indian Independence </li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Gandhi returned to India to find himself imprisoned once again in January 1932 during a crackdown by India’s new viceroy, Lord Willingdon. After his eventual release, Gandhi left the Indian National Congress in 1934, and leadership passed to his protégé Jawaharlal Nehru. He again stepped away from politics to focus on education, poverty and the problems afflicting India’s rural areas.<br />
<br />
As Great Britain found itself engulfed in World War II in 1942, though, Gandhi launched the “Quit India” movement that called for the immediate British withdrawal from the country. In August 1942, the British arrested Gandhi, his wife and other leaders of the Indian National Congress and detained them in the Aga Khan Palace in present-day Pune. “I have not become the King’s First Minister in order to preside at the liquidation of the British Empire,” Prime Minister Winston Churchill told Parliament in support of the crackdown. With his health failing, Gandhi was released after a 19-month detainment, but not before his 74-year-old wife died in his arms in February 1944.<br />
<br />
After the Labour Party defeated Churchill’s Conservatives in the British general election of 1945, it began negotiations for Indian independence with the Indian National Congress and Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s Muslim League. Gandhi played an active role in the negotiations, but he could not prevail in his hope for a unified India. Instead, the final plan called for the partition of the subcontinent along religious lines into two independent states—predominantly Hindu India and predominantly Muslim Pakistan.<br />
<br />
Violence between Hindus and Muslims flared even before independence took effect on August 15, 1947. Afterwards, the killings multiplied. Gandhi toured riot-torn areas in an appeal for peace and fasted in an attempt to end the bloodshed. Some Hindus, however, increasingly viewed Gandhi as a traitor for expressing sympathy toward Muslims.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Gandhi and his Legacy</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Even after Gandhi’s assassination, his commitment to nonviolence and his belief in simple living — making his own clothes, eating a vegetarian diet and using fasts for self-purification as well as a means of protest — have been a beacon of hope for oppressed and marginalized people throughout the world. Satyagraha remains one of the most potent philosophies in freedom struggles throughout the world today, and Gandhi’s actions inspired future human rights movements around the globe, including those of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States and Nelson Mandela in South AfGandhi<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Gandhi and the Partition of India</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
After the war, Britain indicated that they would give India independence. However, with the support of the Muslims led by Jinnah, the British planned to partition India into two: India and Pakistan. Ideologically Gandhi was opposed to partition. He worked vigorously to show that Muslims and Hindus could live together peacefully. At his prayer meetings, Muslim prayers were read out alongside Hindu and Christian prayers. However, Gandhi agreed to the partition and spent the day of Independence in prayer mourning the partition. Even Gandhi’s fasts and appeals were insufficient to prevent the wave of sectarian violence and killing that followed the partition.<br />
Away from the politics of Indian independence Gandhi was harshly critical of the Hindu Caste system. In particular he inveighed against the ‘untouchable’ caste, who were treated abysmally by society. He launched many campaigns to change the status of untouchables. Although his campaigns were met with much resistance, they did go a long way to changing century-old prejudices.<br />
At the age of 78, Gandhi undertook another fast to try and prevent the sectarian killing. After 5 days, the leaders agreed to stop killing. But ten days later Gandhi was shot dead by a Hindu Brahmin opposed to Gandhi’s support for Muslims and the untouchables.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGNvxgPOIeZzc-cLtg25TGeMk94YPhfYHZ1kN_OKzAwHXpGT6QGjR_jgbOaKXwSo-gPeUy0N1fo_slX__Jpn-c4178VUoPVt4-L5jKSpKz0icMp3jh95PMmlAKX89Aiw3yEnUhvz1aCOAF/s1600/images%252832%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="384" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGNvxgPOIeZzc-cLtg25TGeMk94YPhfYHZ1kN_OKzAwHXpGT6QGjR_jgbOaKXwSo-gPeUy0N1fo_slX__Jpn-c4178VUoPVt4-L5jKSpKz0icMp3jh95PMmlAKX89Aiw3yEnUhvz1aCOAF/s320/images%252832%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
“When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants, and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall. Think of it–always.”<br />
– <b>Mahatma Gandhi </b><i><b></b></i><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-79004278389848137072017-09-04T12:50:00.001-07:002018-09-16T11:02:56.588-07:00C P Ramanujam - A Indian Mathematician<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
C P Ramanujan </h2>
<br />
Chakravarthi Padmanabhan Ramanujam was an Indian mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory and algebraic geometry. He was elected a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1973.<br />
<br />
Born: 9 January 1938, Chennai<br />
<br />
Died: 27 October 1974, Bengaluru<br />
<br />
Education: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research<br />
<br />
Field: Mathematician<br />
<br />
Chakravarthi Padmanabhan Ramanujam was a popular Indian Mathematician of the 20th century.<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Early Life :-</li>
</ul>
</h3>
Chakravarthi Padmanabhan Ramanujam was a popular Indian Mat<br />
hematician. Ramanujam's father was an advocate working in Madras, at the High Court, India. C P Ramanujam was educated in Madras, at Ewart's School, where he had his first primary and the first part of his secondary education, and then at the Sir M Ct Muthiah Chetty High School at Vepery, Madras. His interests on the academic side were in mathematics and chemistry while on the sporting side he was an enthusiastic tennis player. Chemistry experiments were particularly fascinating to him and he made a chemistry laboratory in a room in his home. There he would spend happy times carrying out experiments with one of his friends. In 1952, while still only 14 years old, he passed his final High School examinations and entered Loyola College in Madra<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>College Life</li>
</ul>
</h3>
Ramanujam's achievements at High School had been outstanding and he had shown that he was extraordinarily gifted, so he entered Loyola College with great expectations. He continued his interest in chemistry but it was mathematics that he specialised in, taking Mathematics Honours after obtaining his Intermediate qualification. He was awarded a B.A. with Honours in Mathematics in 1957 but, strangely for such an outstanding student, he only obtained a second class degree. This may have been a result of starting his university education at so young an age before he was really ready, for the second class degree no way reflected his remarkable mathematical abilities. On the other hand it may have resulted from a lack of belief in himself which haunted Ramanujam throughout his life.<br />
<br />
He had been taught mathematics by Father C Racine in his final honours years at Loyola College and he encouraged Ramanujam to apply for entry to the School of Mathematics at the Tata Institute in Bombay.<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> In his letter of recommendation Father Racine wrote:-</li>
</ul>
</h3>
He has certainly originality of mind and the type of curiosity which is likely to suggest that he will develop into a good research worker if given sufficient opportunity.<br />
In Madras there was another prestigious Institute, the Ramanujan Institute of Mathematics. In 1957 Ramanujam learnt deep results in analytic number theory from the former director of this Institute (who had retired three years earlier) in the months before he left Madras for Bombay to begin his studies at the Tata Institute. At the Institute, Ramanujam quickly became an expert in many different mathematical areas. His wide expertise made him a natural person to write up lecture notes from courses given by visitors to the Institute and in 1958-59 Max Deuring gave a course on the theory of algebraic functions of one variable which was expertly written up by Ramanujam. He seemed able to soak up huge amounts of deep and difficult mathematics and he gave many talks showing what a deep understand he had of many topics. What he was not doing was producing original mathematical advances while some of his less able colleagues were being much more successful.<br />
Ramanujam felt that he did not have what it takes to solve the big problems of mathematics, and he had no wish to solve small routine problems. Again, as in his undergraduate course, it would appear to be a psychological problem rather than a mathematical one but for Ramanujam it was a very real problem and he became more and more frustrated. He decided that his strengths were in teaching mathematics rather than producing original mathematics, and consequently he began applying to a variety of universities and colleges for a teaching position. His applications failed so reluctantly Ramanujam remained at the Tata Institute.<br />
<br />
At this stage K G Ramanathan, the author of began working with Ramanujam. He directed Ramanujam to work on some generalisations of the Waring problem to algebranumber fields. On this topic Ramanujam produced some outstanding results, generalising methods due to Davenport to attack certain questions which had been posed by Carl Siegel. For his deep results in number theory he was promoted to Associate Professor at the Tata Institute. It was not a position he easily accepted, arguing strongly that he was not worthy of such a post. However his friends and colleagues persuaded him to accept.<br />
<br />
There is a fine line between whether someone behaves in a certain way because they have an illness or whether it is just their personality which determines their behaviour. Up to 1964 Ramanujam's lack of belief in his own abilities could have been described as part of his personality, but in 1964 he was struck with an illness which was diagnosed as severe depression and schizophrenia. Again feeling totally inadequate as a research mathematician he applied for university teaching posts.<br />
<br />
During 1964-65 I R Shafarevich visited the Tata Institute and lectured on minimal models and birational transformations of two dimensional schemes. Ramanujam took notes at the lectures for publication and, as he had done previously he showed his deep understanding of mathematics in doing this task. On seeing the notes which Ramanujam had written, Shafarevich wrote to the<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Institute:-</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
I want to thank [Ramanujam] for the splendid job he has done. He not only corrected several mistakes but also complemented proofs of many results that were only stated in oral exposition. To mention some of them, he has written proofs of the Castelnuovo theorem... of the chain conditions ..., the example of Nagata of a non-projective surface ... and the proof of Zariski's theorem ...<br />
In July 1965 Ramanujam was offered a Professorship at the Punjab University in Chandigarh. He accepted and began<br />
teaching there.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>However his depression returned :-</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
... amidst tragic circumstances he had to cut short his stay there after about eight months.<br />
Back in the Tata Institute, Ramanujam received an invitation to spend six months at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifique in Paris. Again his illness forced him to return from Paris before the end of the six months. However his ability to do mathematics seemed as remarkable as ever outside his periods of illness. In 1967-68 David Mumford visited the Tata Institute and again Ramanujam wrote up his lectures for publication<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> In the Introduction to Abelian Varieties Mumford wrote:- </li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
... these lectures were subsequently written up, and improved in many ways, by C P Ramanujam. The present text is a joint effort. ... C P Ramanujam continuing my lectures at the Tata Institute lectured on and wrote up notes on Tate's theorem on homomorphisms between abelian varieties over finite fields.<br />
Severe depression struck Ramanujam frequently. On one occasion he tried to take his life with barbiturates but was quickly treated and recovered. In February 1970, while again suffering depression, he resigned from the Tata Institute. The Director refused his resignation but later in the year he again resigned and went to the 1970-71 Algebraic geometry year at the University of Warwick in England.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mumford was also at the meeting and writes in :-</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
He said... we were together in Warwick where he ran seminars on étale cohomology and on classification of surfaces. His excitement and enthusiasm was one of the main factors that made "Algebraic geometry year" a success. We discussed many topics involving topology and algebraic geometry at that time, and especially Kodaira's Vanishing Theorem. My wife and I spent many evenings together with him, talking about life, religion and customs both in India and the West and we looked forward to a warm and continuing friendship.<br />
As a result of his work with Shafarevich and Mumford, Ramanujam went on to make contributions to algebraic geometry which Mumford describes in . These include a characterization of C2, a version of the Kodaira vanishing theorem, a study of the automorphism group of a variety, a study of the purity of the discriminant locus, a proof that the invariance of the Milnor number implies the invariance of the topological type, and a geometric interpretation of multiplicity. The work on the Milnor number was done in collaboration with Le Dung Trang.<br />
Back in India after his year at the University of Warwick, Ramanujam asked for a Professorship at the Tata Institute but be based in Bangalore where a new branch dealing with applications of mathematics was being set up. This was agreed and he taught analysis in Bangalore but, again in the depths of depression caused by his illness, he tried again to leave the Institute and obtain a university teaching post. While waiting for an offer of such a post from the Indian Institute at Simla he took his life with an overdose of barbiturates.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> Ramanan pays this tribute to Ramanujam:-</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
For sheer elegance and economy, I have come across few mathematicians who were C P Ramanujam's equal. he made so many remarks which clarified and threw light on different branches of mathematics that personally I derived immense pleasure from his company.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mumford writes in :-</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
It was a stimulating experience to know and collaborate with C P Ramanujam. He loved mathematics and he was always ready to take up a new thread or pursue an old one with infectious enthusiasm. He was equally ready to discuss a problem with a first year student or a colleague, to work through an elementary point or puzzle over a deep problem. On the other hand he had high standards. He felt the spirit of mathematics demanded of him not merely routine developments but the right theorem an any given topic. He was sometimes tormented by these high standards, but, in retrospect, it is clear to us how often he succeeded in adding to our knowledge, results both new, beautiful and with a genuine original stamp.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-22480169472517648672017-09-03T08:58:00.000-07:002018-10-21T10:28:51.464-07:00Shah Rukh khan - Famous Actor, Producer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZJOQ6SR_Dnuk_egay4kItwi5ifgmM-XBLrUQpPEqHbWvawd0N0STddh8z6I_iktJ5o9HOAh4BwvLkt-mkhcxUyqflfuWzPMEB6a4gyzQXklGIkja2E8XQ3cqhGeBSLyeTHF0wBwfZpKwp/s1600/shah_rukh_khan_a_p.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="349" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZJOQ6SR_Dnuk_egay4kItwi5ifgmM-XBLrUQpPEqHbWvawd0N0STddh8z6I_iktJ5o9HOAh4BwvLkt-mkhcxUyqflfuWzPMEB6a4gyzQXklGIkja2E8XQ3cqhGeBSLyeTHF0wBwfZpKwp/s320/shah_rukh_khan_a_p.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="https://cdn1.thr.com/sites/default/files/2010/12/shah_rukh_khan_a_p.jpg" target="_blank">here</a></span></td></tr>
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<h2>
<span style="text-align: center;"> Shah Rukh Khan</span></h2>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;">A Famous Super star, Film Producer, Bollywood Icon and Worlds Most Richest Celebrity in the World. Shah Rukh Khan holds</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">a net worth of $750million and had an estimated earning of $38 per year.</span></div>
<div>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>About Shahrukh Khan</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Shahrukh Khan, also known as Shah Rukh Khan, is a famous film actor, television host, and film producer in India. Due to his immense popularity, he is frequently dubbed as the "King of Bollywood" or"King Khan". Shahrukh Khan has acted in more than 80 Hindi films. He is known for being one of the most successful stars in the world.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Early Life </li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Shahrukh Khan was born in New Delhi on November 2, 1965. His parents are Taj Mohammed Khan, an Indian freedom fighter hailing from Peshawar and Lateef Fatima. Major General Shah Nawaz Khan of the Janjua Rajput community adopted Lateef Fatima as his daughter. Shah Nawaz Khan was a general of the Indian National Army led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. Shahrukh Khan also has an elder sister whose name is Shehnaz.<br />
<br />
Khan spent his childhood in the Rajendra Nagar area of New Delhi. He studied at St. Columba's School and he successfully took part in his academics, sports, and drama. Shahrukh also achieved the prestigious Sword of Honor, which was an award offered every year to the student who was the best representative of the spirit of that academic institution. After completing his school education, he studied at the Hansraj College in Delhi from 1985 to 1988 and attained his Graduation Degree in Economics (Hons). In spite of the fact that Shahrukh pursued a Postgraduate Degree in Mass Communication at Jamia Millia Islamia University, he chose to make his living in Bollywood.<br />
<br />
In 1991, Shahrukh Khan shifted to Mumbai following the demise of his parents. This marked his entry into the silver screen or stardom.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Film Career</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Shahrukh started his career as an actor in various television serials in the later part of the 1980s. He first appeared as a hero in the film Deewana, which was released in 1992. He achieved a Filmfare Award for the Best Male Debut for this film. After this, there was no looking back for this talented actor. He acted in films that took India by storm and have been popular among all age groups.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Some of the popular films in which he acted are as follows:</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
Darr (1993)<br />
<br />
Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995)<br />
<br />
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998)<br />
<br />
Om Shanti Om (2007)<br />
<br />
Chak De! India (2007)<br />
<br />
Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham (2001)<br />
<br />
Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003)<br />
<br />
Veer Zaara (2004)<br />
<br />
Chak De India (2007)<br />
<br />
Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008)<br />
<br />
My Name Is Khan (2010)<br />
<br />
Don2 (2011)<br />
<br />
Some of these films are the biggest hits of Bollywood and did good business in the international markets as well. He is one of the most accomplished Indian actors at the present time.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Other Work</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Since 2000, Shahrukh has entered the business of television hosting and film production. He has formed two production houses, Red Chillies Entertainment and Dreamz Unlimited. He has produced films like Asoka (2001), Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000), Chalte Chalte (2003), Main Hoon Na (2004), Om Shanti Om (2007), Billu (2009), Paheli (2005), Always Kabhi Kabhi (2011), and Ra.One (2011). He also co-wons the Indian Premier League cricket team Kolkata Knight Two time . He is also known for being a television presenter and a show performer.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Awards won by Shahrukh Khan</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Shahrukh has achieved 14 Filmfare Awards for his contribution to Hindi films and eight of them were won in the Best Actor category which is an unparalleled feat. He received the Padma Shri conferred by the Government of India in 2005. Other than these, he has received four IIFA Awards, nine Star Screen Awards, three Bollywood Movie Awards, eight Zee Cine Awards, and two Global Indian Film Awards.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Personal Life</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
<br />
Khan married his long-time girlfriend Gauri Chibber on October 25, 1991. The couple has two sons named Aryan and AbRam and one daughter named Suhana. Aryan was born in 1997, Suhana in 2000 and AbRam in 2013. Khan's family believes in both Hinduism and Islam.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Facts about Shahrukh Khan</li>
</ul>
</h3>
<br />
Name :- Shahrukh Khan<br />
<br />
Full Name :- Shahrukh Khan<br />
<br />
Nick Name :- King Khan, SRK, The Badshah of Bollywood, The King of Bollywood, The 2nd King of Romance<br />
<br />
Date of Birth<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> :- 2 November 1965 (age - 50)[1]<br />
<br />
Birth Place :- New Delhi,<br />
<br />
Zodiac sign :- Scorpio<br />
<br />
Height :- 5' 8" (1.73 m)<br />
<br />
Nationality :- Indian<br />
<br />
Profession :- Actor, Producer, Television presenter<br />
<br />
Father's Name :- Meer Taj Mohammed Khan<br />
<br />
Mother's name :- Lateef Fatima<br />
<br />
Marital status :- Gauri Khan (m.1991)<br />
<br />
Residence Address :- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmxKwYHNUAaZOceBke79QkYOI6pOBaP9_a2m4lTT16CCik7RuwpGQmSNQ56TLiXPFDqtqtc1Z2RhmSqxq6VHJb22zUTaHW_uaQXlLTGsQKE0JRXXdKurB0ToQstluJuIsBS5lAZU6hsWLj/s1600/ShahRukh_Khan_House_Mannat_10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="721" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmxKwYHNUAaZOceBke79QkYOI6pOBaP9_a2m4lTT16CCik7RuwpGQmSNQ56TLiXPFDqtqtc1Z2RhmSqxq6VHJb22zUTaHW_uaQXlLTGsQKE0JRXXdKurB0ToQstluJuIsBS5lAZU6hsWLj/s320/ShahRukh_Khan_House_Mannat_10.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This image is taken from <a href="https://wonderfulmumbai.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ShahRukh_Khan_House_Mannat_10.jpg" target="_blank">here</a></td></tr>
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Hometown :- Bandra, Mumbai<br />
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Education :- Khan enrolled at Hansraj College (1985 - 88) to earn his Bachelor's degree in Economics, but spent much of his time at Delhi's Theatre Action Group (TAG), where he studied acting under the mentorship of theatre director Barry John. After Hansraj, he began studying for a Master's degree in Mass Communications at Jamia Millia Islamia, but left to pursue his acting career. He also attended the National School of Drama in Delhi during his early career in Bollywood.<br />
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Debut Film :- Deewana<br />
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Twitter Handle :- <a href="https://twitter.com/iamsrk" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/iamsrk</a><br />
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<li>Shah rukh khan Filmography</li>
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Shah Rukh Khan (also credited as Shahrukh Khan) is an Indian actor, producer and television personality. Khan began his acting career on television by playing a soldier in the Doordarshan series Fauji (1988), a role that garnered him recognition and led to starring roles in more television shows. He soon started receiving offers for film roles and had his first release with the romantic drama Deewana (1992), in which he played a supporting part. Khan subsequently played the antagonist of the 1993 thrillers Baazigar and Darr, box office hits that established his career in Bollywood. In 1995, Khan starred opposite Kajol in Aditya Chopra's romance Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, that became the longest running Indian film of all time. He continued to establish a reputation in romantic roles by playing opposite Madhuri Dixit in Dil To Pagal Hai (1997), and Kajol in the Karan Johar-directed blockbusters Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) and Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001).</div>
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In 1999, Khan collaborated with Aziz Mirza and actress Juhi Chawla to start a production company, Dreamz Unlimited, whose first release was the comedy-drama Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000) starring Khan and Chawla. The film was a commercial failure as was their next production, Aśoka (2001), which led critics to believe that the end of Khan's career was imminent. Khan's career prospects, however, improved in 2002 when Sanjay Leela Bhansali cast him alongside Dixit and Aishwarya Rai as a depressed lover in Devdas, a period romance that garnered Khan critical acclaim. In 2004, he collaborated with his wife Gauri Khan to launch another company, Red Chillies Entertainment, whose first feature was the box office hit Main Hoon Na (2004). Khan's popularity continued to increase in the 2000s as he played the romantic lead opposite younger actresses, most notably Rani Mukerji and Preity Zinta, in several top-grossing productions, including Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) and Veer-Zaara (2004). He also played against type as a NASA scientist in the drama Swades (2004), a hockey coach in the sports film Chak De! India (2007), and an autistic man in the drama My Name Is Khan (2010). From 2007 onwards, Khan began to star opposite a third generation of heroines, most notably opposite Deepika Padukone in Om Shanti Om (2007) and Anushka Sharma in Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008). Khan went on to co-star with Padukone in the over ₹3.4 billion (US$53 million) grossing action-comedies Chennai Express (2013) and Happy New Year (2014), both of which rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films.</div>
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Seventeen of Khan's films have grossed over ₹1 billion (US$16 million) in global ticket sales. With eight Filmfare Awards for Best Actor, he shares the record for the most wins in the category with Dilip Kumar. Khan has also starred in several non-fiction films that have documented his popularity, including the Nasreen Munni Kabir-directed documentary The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan (2005). From 2003 onwards, he has hosted several award ceremonies, including eight Filmfare Awards and six Screen Awards. In addition, he has featured as the host of four television game shows, including Kaun Banega Crorepati (2007).</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-79801910045325038262017-08-29T15:00:00.002-07:002018-10-12T22:34:46.084-07:00Isaac Newton - A Scientist<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Isaac Newton</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Astronomer, Physicist, Philosopher, Scientist, Mathematician(1643–1727)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, most famous for his law of gravitation, was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Who Was Isaac Newton?</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Isaac Newton (January 4, 1643 to March 31, 1727) was a physicist and mathematician who developed the principles of modern physics, including the laws of motion, and is credited as one of the great minds of the 17th century Scientific Revolution. In 1687, he published his most acclaimed work, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which has been called the single most influential book on physics. In 1705, he was knighted by Queen Anne of England, making him Sir Isaac Newton.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">When Was Isaac Newton Born?</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. Using the "old" Julien calendar, Newton's birth date is sometimes displayed as December 25, 1642.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Isaac Newton’s Discoveries</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Newton made discoveries in optics, motion and mathematics. Newton theorized that white light was a composite of all colors of the spectrum, and that light was composed of particles. His momentous book on physics, Principia, contains information on nearly all of the essential concepts of physics except energy, ultimately helping him to explain the laws of motion and the theory of gravity. Along with mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Newton is credited for developing essential theories of calculus.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">What Did Isaac Newton Invent?</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Newton's first major public scientific achievement was designing and constructing a reflecting telescope in 1668. As a professor at Cambridge, Newton was required to deliver an annual course of lectures and chose optics as his initial topic. He used his telescope to study optics and help prove his theory of light and color. The Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope in 1671, and the organization's interest encouraged Newton to publish his notes on light, optics and color in 1672. These notes were later published as part of Newton's Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">The Apple Myth </span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Between 1665 and 1667, Newton returned home from Trinity College to pursue his private study, as school was closed due to the Great Plague. Legend has it that, at this time, Newton experienced his famous inspiration of gravity with the falling apple. According to this common myth, Newton was sitting under an apple tree when a fruit fell and hit him on the head, inspiring him to suddenly come up with the theory of gravity. While there is no evidence that the apple actually hit Newton on the head, he did see an apple fall from a tree, leading him to wonder why it fell straight down and not at an angle. Consequently, he began exploring the theories of motion and gravity.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">It was during this 18-month hiatus as a student that Newton conceived many of his most important insights—including the method of infinitesimal calculus, the foundations for his theory of light and color, and the laws of planetary motion—that eventually led to the publication of his physics book Principia and his theory of gravity.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">'Principia' and Newton’s Laws of Motion</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1687, following 18 months of intense and effectively nonstop work, Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), most often known as Principia. It is said to be the single most influential book on physics and possibly all of science. Its publication immediately raised Newton to international prominence.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Principia offers an exact quantitative description of bodies in motion, with three basic laws of motion:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">1) A stationary body will stay stationary unless an external force is applied to it.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">2) Force is equal to mass times acceleration, and a change in motion (i.e., change in speed) is proportional to the force applied.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Newton and the Theory of Gravity</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Newton’s three basic laws of motion outlined in Principia helped him arrive at his theory of gravity. Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that two objects attract each other with a force of gravitational attraction that’s proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">These laws helped explain not only elliptical planetary orbits but nearly every other motion in the universe: how the planets are kept in orbit by the pull of the sun’s gravity; how the moon revolves around Earth and the moons of Jupiter revolve around it; and how comets revolve in elliptical orbits around the sun. They also allowed him to calculate the mass of each planet, calculate the flattening of the Earth at the poles and the bulge at the equator, and how the gravitational pull of the sun and moon create the Earth’s tides. In Newton's account, gravity kept the universe balanced, made it work, and brought heaven and Earth together in one great equation.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Early Life and Family</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Isaac Newton was the only son of a prosperous local farmer, also named Isaac Newton, who died three months before he was born. A premature baby born tiny and weak, Newton was not expected to survive. When he was 3 years old, his mother, Hannah Ayscough Newton, remarried a well-to-do minister, Barnabas Smith, and went to live with him, leaving young Newton with his maternal grandmother. The experience left an indelible imprint on Newton, later manifesting itself as an acute sense of insecurity. He anxiously obsessed over his published work, defending its merits with irrational behavior.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">At age 12, Newton was reunited with his mother after her second husband died. She brought along her three small children from her second marriage.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Education</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Newton was enrolled at the King's School in Grantham, a town in Lincolnshire, where he lodged with a local apothecary and was introduced to the fascinating world of chemistry. His mother pulled him out of school at age 12. Her plan was to make him a farmer and have him tend the farm. Newton failed miserably, as he found farming monotonous. Newton was soon sent back to King's School to finish his basic education.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Perhaps sensing the young man's innate intellectual abilities, his uncle, a graduate of the University of Cambridge's Trinity College, persuaded Newton's mother to have him enter the university. Newton enrolled in a program similar to a work-study in 1661, and subsequently waited on tables and took care of wealthier students' rooms.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">When Newton arrived at Cambridge, the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century was already in full force. The heliocentric view of the universe—theorized by astronomers Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler, and later refined by Galileo—was well known in most European academic circles. Philosopher René Descartes had begun to formulate a new concept of nature as an intricate, impersonal and inert machine. Yet, like most universities in Europe, Cambridge was steeped in Aristotelian philosophy and a view of nature resting on a geocentric view of the universe, dealing with nature in qualitative rather than quantitative terms.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">During his first three years at Cambridge, Newton was taught the standard curriculum but was fascinated with the more advanced science. All his spare time was spent reading from the modern philosophers. The result was a less-than-stellar performance, but one that is understandable, given his dual course of study. It was during this time that Newton kept a second set of notes, entitled "Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae" ("Certain Philosophical Questions"). The "Quaestiones" reveal that Newton had discovered the new concept of nature that provided the framework for the Scientific Revolution. Though Newton graduated without honors or distinctions, his efforts won him the title of scholar and four years of financial support for future education.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1665, the Great Plague that was ravaging Europe had come to Cambridge, forcing the university to close. After a two-year hiatus, Newton returned to Cambridge in 1667 and was elected a minor fellow at Trinity College, as he was still not considered a standout scholar. In the ensuing years, his fortune improved. Newton received his Master of Arts degree in 1669, before he was 27. During this time, he came across Nicholas Mercator's published book on methods for dealing with infinite series. Newton quickly wrote a treatise, De Analysi, expounding his own wider-ranging results. He shared this with friend and mentor Isaac Barrow, but didn't include his name as author.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In June 1669, Barrow shared the unaccredited manuscript with British mathematician John Collins. In August 1669, Barrow identified its author to Collins as "Mr. Newton ... very young ... but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things." Newton's work was brought to the attention of the mathematics community for the first time. Shortly afterward, Barrow resigned his Lucasian professorship at Cambridge, and Newton assumed the chair.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Isaac Newton & Robert Hooke</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Not everyone at the Royal Academy was enthusiastic about Newton’s discoveries in optics and 1672 publication of Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light. Among the dissenters was Robert Hooke, one of the original members of the Royal Academy and a scientist who was accomplished in a number of areas, including mechanics and optics. While Newton theorized that light was composed of particles, Hooke believed it was composed of waves. Hooke quickly condemned Newton's paper in condescending terms, and attacked Newton's methodology and conclusions.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Hooke was not the only one to question Newton's work in optics. Renowned Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens and a number of French Jesuits also raised objections. But because of Hooke's association with the Royal Society and his own work in optics, his criticism stung Newton the worst. Unable to handle the critique, he went into a rage—a reaction to criticism that was to continue throughout his life. Newton denied Hooke's charge that his theories had any shortcomings and argued the importance of his discoveries to all of science. In the ensuing months, the exchange between the two men grew more acrimonious, and soon Newton threatened to quit the society altogether. He remained only when several other members assured him that the Fellows held him in high esteem.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Isaac of all trades. English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newton is most famous for his law of gravitation, and was instrumental in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. Above: A photo of Newton Investigating Light, a portrayal of Isaac Newton created by J A Houston, circa 1879. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The rivalry between Newton and Hooke would continue for several years thereafter. Then, in 1678, Newton suffered a complete nervous breakdown and the correspondence abruptly ended. The death of his mother the following year caused him to become even more isolated, and for six years he withdrew from intellectual exchange except when others initiated correspondence, which he always kept short.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">During his hiatus from public life, Newton returned to his study of gravitation and its effects on the orbits of planets. Ironically, the impetus that put Newton on the right direction in this study came from Robert Hooke. In a 1679 letter of general correspondence to Royal Society members for contributions, Hooke wrote to Newton and brought up the question of planetary motion, suggesting that a formula involving the inverse squares might explain the attraction between planets and the shape of their orbits.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Subsequent exchanges transpired before Newton quickly broke off the correspondence once again. But Hooke's idea was soon incorporated into Newton's work on planetary motion, and from his notes it appears he had quickly drawn his own conclusions by 1680, though he kept his discoveries to himself.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In early 1684, in a conversation with fellow Royal Society members Christopher Wren and Edmond Halley, Hooke made his case on the proof for planetary motion. Both Wren and Halley thought he was on to something, but pointed out that a mathematical demonstration was needed. In August 1684, Halley traveled to Cambridge to visit with Newton, who was coming out of his seclusion. Halley idly asked him what shape the orbit of a planet would take if its attraction to the sun followed the inverse square of the distance between them (Hooke's theory).</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Newton knew the answer, due to his concentrated work for the past six years, and replied, "An ellipse." Newton claimed to have solved the problem some 18 years prior, during his hiatus from Cambridge and the plague, but he was unable to find his notes. Halley persuaded him to work out the problem mathematically and offered to pay all costs so that the ideas might be published, which it was, in Newton’s Principia.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Upon the publication of the first edition of Principia in 1687, Robert Hooke immediately accused Newton of plagiarism, claiming that he had discovered the theory of inverse squares and that Newton had stolen his work. The charge was unfounded, as most scientists knew, for Hooke had only theorized on the idea and had never brought it to any level of proof.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Newton, however, was furious and strongly defended his discoveries. He withdrew all references to Hooke in his notes and threatened to withdraw from publishing the subsequent edition of Principia altogether. Halley, who had invested much of himself in Newton's work, tried to make peace between the two men. While Newton begrudgingly agreed to insert a joint acknowledgement of Hooke's work (shared with Wren and Halley) in his discussion of the law of inverse squares, it did nothing to placate Hooke.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">As the years went on, Hooke's life began to unravel. His beloved niece and companion died the same year that Principia was published, in 1687. As Newton's reputation and fame grew, Hooke's declined, causing him to become even more bitter and loathsome toward his rival. To the bitter end, Hooke took every opportunity he could to offend Newton. Knowing that his rival would soon be elected president of the Royal Society, Hooke refused to retire until the year of his death, in 1703.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Newton and Alchemy </span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Following the publication of Principia, Newton was ready for a new direction in life. He no longer found contentment in his position at Cambridge and was becoming more involved in other issues. He helped lead the resistance to King James II's attempts to reinstitute Catholic teaching at Cambridge, and in 1689 he was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">While in London, Newton acquainted himself with a broader group of intellectuals and became acquainted with political philosopher John Locke. Though many of the scientists on the continent continued to teach the mechanical world according to Aristotle, a young generation of British scientists became captivated with Newton's new view of the physical world and recognized him as their leader. One of these admirers was Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, a Swiss mathematician whom Newton befriended while in London.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">However, within a few years, Newton fell into another nervous breakdown in 1693. The cause is open to speculation: his disappointment over not being appointed to a higher position by England's new monarchs, William III and Mary II, or the subsequent loss of his friendship with Duillier; exhaustion from being overworked; or perhaps chronic mercury poisoning after decades of alchemical research. It's difficult to know the exact cause, but evidence suggests that letters written by Newton to several of his London acquaintances and friends, including Duillier, seemed deranged and paranoiac, and accused them of betrayal and conspiracy.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Oddly enough, Newton recovered quickly, wrote letters of apology to friends, and was back to work within a few months. He emerged with all his intellectual facilities intact, but seemed to have lost interest in scientific problems and now favored pursuing prophecy and scripture and the study of alchemy. While some might see this as work beneath the man who had revolutionized science, it might be more properly attributed to Newton responding to the issues of the time in turbulent 17th century Britain. Many intellectuals were grappling with the meaning of many different subjects, not least of which were religion, politics and the very purpose of life. Modern science was still so new that no one knew for sure how it measured up against older philosophies.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Changing the British Currency from Silver to the Gold Standard</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1696, Newton was able to attain the governmental position he had long sought: warden of the Mint; after acquiring this new title, he permanently moved to London and lived with his niece, Catherine Barton. She was the mistress of Lord Halifax, a high-ranking government official who was instrumental in having Newton promoted, in 1699, to master of the Mint—a position that he would hold until his death. Not wanting it to be considered a mere honorary position, Newton approached the job in earnest, reforming the currency and severely punishing counterfeiters. As master of the Mint, Newton moved the British currency, the pound sterling, from the silver to the gold standard.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">The Royal Society and Conflicts with Other Scientists</span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1703, Newton was elected president of the Royal Society upon Robert Hooke's death. However Newton never seemed to understand the notion of science as a cooperative venture, and his ambition and fierce defense of his own discoveries continued to lead him from one conflict to another with other scientists. By most accounts, Newton's tenure at the society was tyrannical and autocratic; he was able to control the lives and careers of younger scientists with absolute power.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1705, in a controversy that had been brewing for several years, German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz publicly accused Newton of plagiarizing his research, claiming he had discovered infinitesimal calculus several years before the publication of Principia. In 1712, the Royal Society appointed a committee to investigate the matter. Of course, since Newton was president of the society, he was able to appoint the committee's members and oversee its investigation. Not surprisingly, the committee concluded Newton's priority over the discovery.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">That same year, in another of Newton's more flagrant episodes of tyranny, he published without permission the notes of astronomer John Flamsteed. It seems the astronomer had collected a massive body of data from his years at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. Newton had requested a large volume of Flamsteed's notes for his revisions to Principia. Annoyed when Flamsteed wouldn't provide him with more information as quickly as he wanted it, Newton used his influence as president of the Royal Society to be named the chairman of the body of "visitors" responsible for the Royal Observatory.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">He then tried to force the immediate publication of Flamsteed's catalogue of the stars, as well as all of Flamsteed's notes, edited and unedited. To add insult to injury, Newton arranged for Flamsteed's mortal enemy, Edmund Halley, to prepare the notes for press. Flamsteed was finally able to get a court order forcing Newton to cease his plans for publication and return the notes—one of the few times that Newton was bested by one of his rivals.Final Years</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Final Years</span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Toward the end of this life, Newton lived at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England, with his niece, Catherine (Barton) Conduitt, and her husband, John Conduitt. By this time, Newton had become one of the most famous men in Europe. His scientific discoveries were unchallenged. He also had become wealthy, investing his sizable income wisely and bestowing sizable gifts to charity.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Despite his fame, Newton's life was far from perfect: He never married or made many friends, and in his later years, a combination of pride, insecurity and side trips on peculiar scientific inquiries led even some of his few friends to worry about his mental stability.</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Newton’s Death</span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">By the time he reached 80 years of age, Newton was experiencing digestion problems and had to drastically change his diet and mobility. In March 1727, Newton experienced severe pain in his abdomen and blacked out, never to regain consciousness. He died the next day, on March 31, 1727, at the age of 84.</span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Legacy</span></li>
</ul>
</h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Isaac Newton's fame grew even more after his death, as many of his contemporaries proclaimed him the greatest genius who ever lived. Maybe a slight exaggeration, but his discoveries had a large impact on Western thought, leading to comparisons to the likes of Plato, Aristotle and Galileo.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOGtn9D1_cV9TxnRcm5UpvUI3htzzh9M4WsGSFLvnLB-UPLHse4gi5c0pR7_vCEmSFhuPJMc_AiINyPZZxVgnbYlxGpoxUoymPPVkTbvoNh_RpL-uSxCwRjHXUXvLKCPK2P6MSgTenYSy1/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="529" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOGtn9D1_cV9TxnRcm5UpvUI3htzzh9M4WsGSFLvnLB-UPLHse4gi5c0pR7_vCEmSFhuPJMc_AiINyPZZxVgnbYlxGpoxUoymPPVkTbvoNh_RpL-uSxCwRjHXUXvLKCPK2P6MSgTenYSy1/s320/images+%25282%2529.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">Although his discoveries were among many made during the Scientific Revolution, Isaac Newton's universal principles of gravity found no parallels in science at the time. Of course, Newton was proven wrong on some of his key assumptions. In the 20th century, Albert Einstein would overturn Newton's concept of the universe, stating that space, distance and motion were not absolute but relative, and that the universe was more fantastic than Newton had ever conceived.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Newton might not have been surprised: In his later life, when asked for an assessment of his achievements, he replied, "I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself now and then in finding a smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-12276985160977665452017-08-29T07:14:00.001-07:002018-09-16T11:08:35.525-07:00Steve Jobs -The Co-Founder of Apple Incorporation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh8MRMEVnVn_Z3DrvuZxX6gSZpQA6JEf17_SeigYAp7RvW5v1D0Xhu3kQt69qdKT15gUCxutjLpVu6nksb9Pnj0oUum8kER0HKDfsQs60ebNiwrQgC9qLIIRmpOAQTLiOh46WG0Bbidl6a/s1600/images+%25284%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="401" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh8MRMEVnVn_Z3DrvuZxX6gSZpQA6JEf17_SeigYAp7RvW5v1D0Xhu3kQt69qdKT15gUCxutjLpVu6nksb9Pnj0oUum8kER0HKDfsQs60ebNiwrQgC9qLIIRmpOAQTLiOh46WG0Bbidl6a/s320/images+%25284%2529.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcReOcbxTEMMngaqKtqwDsJCuD6cXbC1mlSwEH980s08EY3OQZytereSrfUyRA" target="_blank">here</a> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left;">Steve Jobs</span> <span style="text-align: left;">(1955–2011)</span></h2>
Founder of Apple, Inventor, enterprenure<br />
<br />
Steve Jobs co-founded Apple Computers with Steve Wozniak. Under Jobs' guidance, the company pioneered a series of revolutionary technologies, including the iPhone and iPad.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Synopsis</li>
</ul>
</h3>
Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, in San Francisco, California, to Joanne Schieble (later Joanne Simpson) and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, two University of Wisconsin graduate students who gave their unnamed son up for adoption. His father, Jandali, was a Syrian political science professor, and his mother, Schieble, worked as a speech therapist. Shortly after Steve was placed for adoption, his biological parents married and had another child, Mona Simpson. It was not until Jobs was 27 that he was able to uncover information on his biological parents.<br />
<br />
The infant was adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs and named Steven Paul Jobs. Clara worked as an accountant and Paul was a Coast Guard veteran and machinist. The family lived in Mountain View, California, within the area that would later become known as Silicon Valley. As a boy, Jobs and his father worked on electronics in the family garage. Paul showed his son how to take apart and reconstruct electronics, a hobby that instilled confidence, tenacity and mechanical prowess in young Jobs.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQaQZm0C2eGqwlR86g3neE5QNMu42WpczApbWdhkuPYnK4xPtY7gdfpNv5Y4z3PJpjVpgDn-EjpZt9CUZCkjwyNBpKpxQB5Hln8E7R7CxNLyJLh7d8qthXA9Fpx_kckRFX4vyuea3fG4t/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="460" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQaQZm0C2eGqwlR86g3neE5QNMu42WpczApbWdhkuPYnK4xPtY7gdfpNv5Y4z3PJpjVpgDn-EjpZt9CUZCkjwyNBpKpxQB5Hln8E7R7CxNLyJLh7d8qthXA9Fpx_kckRFX4vyuea3fG4t/s320/images+%25285%2529.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSfJpgAT8TVefol7hHnkHHDrZ-JMxAdykY7s779Aoe8Tlll1pzCIg" target="_blank">here</a> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
While Jobs was always an intelligent and innovative thinker, his youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. Jobs was a prankster in elementary school due to boredom, and his fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal that his parents declined.<br />
<br />
A few years later, while Jobs was enrolled at Homestead High School, he was introduced to his future partner Steve Wozniak, who was attending the University of California, Berkeley. In a 2007 interview with PC World, Wozniak spoke about why he and Jobs clicked so well: "We both loved electronics and the way we used to hook up digital chips," Wozniak said. "Very few people, especially back then, had any idea what chips were, how they worked and what they could do. I had designed many computers, so I was way ahead of him in electronics and computer design, but we still had common interests. We both had pretty much sort of an independent attitude about things in the world. ..."<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLWk5-gL0EBkFS2MpFyHCHXrGHNqGrWQiVpqH7R5hilNlsoGlSWLlnSxAA-W3tVrRt6i8vQuy83ELrG1ADAHKUu2fZzysllZ1AFlwdLYvEEy1fPMRlZ9iyzNxhjIPReIIIr1X53w_hKv1Z/s1600/images+%25286%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="443" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLWk5-gL0EBkFS2MpFyHCHXrGHNqGrWQiVpqH7R5hilNlsoGlSWLlnSxAA-W3tVrRt6i8vQuy83ELrG1ADAHKUu2fZzysllZ1AFlwdLYvEEy1fPMRlZ9iyzNxhjIPReIIIr1X53w_hKv1Z/s320/images+%25286%2529.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRTX9UzxMNqhUeVr2mstfDRVe31oIuivOzB1FAaRgINs34g6yV83Iup40OiTQ" target="_blank">here</a> </span></td></tr>
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<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Apple Computer</li>
</ul>
</h3>
After high school, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Lacking direction, he dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes at the school. Jobs later recounted how one course in calligraphy developed his love of typography.<br />
<br />
In 1974, Jobs took a position as a video game designer with Atari. Several months later he left the company to find spiritual enlightenment in India, traveling further and experimenting with psychedelic drugs. In 1976, when Jobs was just 21, he and Wozniak started Apple Computer. The duo started in the Jobs family garage, funding their entrepreneurial venture by Jobs selling his Volkswagen bus and Wozniak selling his beloved scientific calculator.<br />
<br />
Jobs and Wozniak are credited with revolutionizing the computer industry by democratizing the technology and making machines smaller, cheaper, intuitive and accessible to everyday consumers. Wozniak conceived of a series of user-friendly personal computers, and—with Jobs in charge of marketing—Apple initially marketed the computers for $666.66 each. The Apple I earned the corporation around $774,000. Three years after the release of Apple's second model, the Apple II, the company's sales increased by 700 percent to $139 million. In 1980, Apple Computer became a publicly traded company, with a market value of $1.2 billion by the end of its very first day of trading. Jobs looked to marketing expert John Sculley of Pepsi-Cola to take over the role of CEO for Apple.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Departure from Company</li>
</ul>
</h3>
However, the next several products from Apple suffered significant design flaws, resulting in recalls and consumer disappointment. IBM suddenly surpassed Apple in sales, and Apple had to compete with an IBM/PC-dominated business world. In 1984, Apple released the Macintosh, marketing the computer as a piece of a counterculture lifestyle: romantic, youthful, creative. But despite positive sales and performance superior to IBM's PCs, the Macintosh was still not IBM-compatible. Sculley believed Jobs was hurting Apple, and the company's executives began to phase him out.<br />
<br />
Not actually having had an official title with the company he co-founded, Jobs was pushed into a more marginalized position and thus left Apple in 1985 to begin a new hardware and software enterprise called NeXT, Inc. The following year Jobs purchased an animation company from George Lucas, which later became Pixar Animation Studios. Believing in Pixar's potential, Jobs initially invested $50 million of his own money in the company. The studio went on to produce wildly popular movies such as Toy Story, Finding Nemo and The Incredibles; Pixar's films have collectively netted $4 billion. The studio merged with Walt Disney in 2006, making Steve Jobs Disney's largest shareholder.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Reinventing Apple</li>
</ul>
</h3>
Despite Pixar's success, NeXT, Inc. floundered in its attempts to sell its specialized operating system to mainstream America. Apple eventually bought the company in 1996 for $429 million. The following year, Jobs returned to his post as Apple's CEO.<br />
<br />
Just as Steve Jobs instigated Apple's success in the 1970s, he is credited with revitalizing the company in the 1990s. With a new management team, altered stock options and a self-imposed annual salary of $1 a year, Jobs put Apple back on track. His ingenious products (like the iMac), effective branding campaigns and stylish designs caught the attention of consumers once again.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Pancreatic Cancer</li>
</ul>
</h3>
In 2003, Jobs discovered that he had a neuroendocrine tumor, a rare but operable form of pancreatic cancer. Instead of immediately opting for surgery, Jobs chose to alter his pesco-vegetarian diet while weighing Eastern treatment options. For nine months, Jobs postponed surgery, making Apple's board of directors nervous. Executives feared that shareholders would pull their stock if word got out that their CEO was ill. But in the end, Jobs' confidentiality took precedence over shareholder disclosure. In 2004, he had a successful surgery to remove the pancreatic tumor. True to form, in subsequent years Jobs disclosed little about his health.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijn8sa6ib_OC_UwukxOfI-BZiKeNjAlwmD3kybqEth9IyUOs75NV0FitytW65ojHXg1BGIK3UUzkPBOZdeXk7ci4uOV46GhRe_qoVQXZjQod6uFVhDoDEpTE_u4wigVvMF9H74hhLBhTcp/s1600/images+%25287%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="486" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijn8sa6ib_OC_UwukxOfI-BZiKeNjAlwmD3kybqEth9IyUOs75NV0FitytW65ojHXg1BGIK3UUzkPBOZdeXk7ci4uOV46GhRe_qoVQXZjQod6uFVhDoDEpTE_u4wigVvMF9H74hhLBhTcp/s320/images+%25287%2529.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQXDq2t55dLGA3SFtpaYvF3VM9R4QvLE35Fa_aqfNBKsjcIEkLk_zBcEdtl" target="_blank">here</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Later Innovations</li>
</ul>
</h3>
Apple introduced such revolutionary products as the Macbook Air, iPod and iPhone, all of which have dictated the evolution of modern technology. Almost immediately after Apple releases a new product, competitors scramble to produce comparable technologies. Apple's quarterly reports improved significantly in 2007: Stocks were worth $199.99 a share—a record-breaking number at that time—and the company boasted a staggering $1.58 billion profit, an $18 billion surplus in the bank and zero debt.<br />
<br />
In 2008, iTunes became the second-biggest music retailer in America—second only to Walmart, fueled by iTunes and iPod sales. Apple has also been ranked No. 1 on Fortune magazine's list of "America's Most Admired Companies," as well as No. 1 among Fortune 500 companies for returns to shareholders.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Personal Life</li>
</ul>
</h3>
Early in 2009, reports circulated about Jobs' weight loss, some predicting his health issues had returned, which included a liver transplant. Jobs had responded to these concerns by stating he was dealing with a hormone imbalance. After nearly a year out of the spotlight, Steve Jobs delivered a keynote address at an invite-only Apple event September 9, 2009.<br />
<br />
In respect to his personal life, Steve Jobs remained a private man who rarely disclosed information about his family. What is known is Jobs fathered a daughter with girlfriend Chrisann Brennan when he was 23. Jobs denied paternity of his daughter Lisa in court documents, claiming he was sterile. With Chrisann struggling financially for much of her life, Jobs did not initiate a relationship with his daughter until she was 7, but when she was a teenager she came to live with her father.<br />
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In the early 1990s, Jobs met Laurene Powell at Stanford business school, where Powell was an MBA student. They married on March 18, 1991, and lived together in Palo Alto, California, with their three children.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Death</li>
</ul>
</h3>
On October 5, 2011, Apple Inc. announced that its co-founder had passed away. After battling pancreatic cancer for nearly a decade, Steve Jobs died in Palo Alto. He was 56 years old.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZP9mFGi_PVfQs6OFn8o40zMTHEzy5yOHdgreXpqpqpoB4GNQw8wAKwpunZiaupezuzXd3mHP-7Z89LqxsugG9TZEZROWyz1G6Lav6ogNLHpZLKs7w94bSApE-gMKoBKgRMa0MLH29f_e/s1600/if-today-werethe-last-day-of-my-life-would-i-22786840.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZP9mFGi_PVfQs6OFn8o40zMTHEzy5yOHdgreXpqpqpoB4GNQw8wAKwpunZiaupezuzXd3mHP-7Z89LqxsugG9TZEZROWyz1G6Lav6ogNLHpZLKs7w94bSApE-gMKoBKgRMa0MLH29f_e/s320/if-today-werethe-last-day-of-my-life-would-i-22786840.png" width="282" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="https://pics.me.me/if-today-werethe-last-day-of-my-life-would-i-22786840.png" target="_blank">here</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Books and Biopics</li>
</ul>
</h3>
A number of books have been written on Jobs' life and career, including an authorized 2011 general biography by Walter Isaacson, a 2012 young adult biography by Karen Blumenthal, and yet another title, 2015's Becoming Steve Jobs by Brent Schlender and Rick Tetzeli. The Isaacson work was critiqued for the depiction of its main subject by Apple's chief executive Tim Cook, who succeeded Jobs.<br />
<br />
Biopics inspired by the computer icon's life have been released as well—namely the critically panned Jobs (2013), starring Ashton Kutcher, and Steve Jobs (2015), starring Michael Fassbender and directed by Danny Boyle.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-88231750929719013812017-08-29T06:36:00.002-07:002018-09-16T11:09:50.910-07:00Mark Zuckerberg - Founder of Facebook<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi47jD5D0fgZKFp6CgqHV16fWi_-7abw-LlGPnesPpV2ZeKwCEqKh6MvfynipUpciO3ZwiS62ja1Xi9YXMucYpog9IYyKb1msBXncRn5C0xZldhxueRFV7JtwbwWKO4gu_vp2YCNYuP4DJa/s1600/f8-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-0069.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="770" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi47jD5D0fgZKFp6CgqHV16fWi_-7abw-LlGPnesPpV2ZeKwCEqKh6MvfynipUpciO3ZwiS62ja1Xi9YXMucYpog9IYyKb1msBXncRn5C0xZldhxueRFV7JtwbwWKO4gu_vp2YCNYuP4DJa/s320/f8-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-0069.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">This image is taken from <a href="https://zdnet1.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2017/04/18/248a8d66-da97-4ce8-b324-d41042fee635/resize/770xauto/87c6ca70605842fd3c64fd2b458280b4/f8-facebook-mark-zuckerberg-0069.jpg" target="_blank">here</a></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Mark Zuckerberg</h2>
Entrepreneur, Computer Programmer, Philanthropist(1984)<br />
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Mark Zuckerberg is co-founder and CEO of the social-networking website Facebook, as well as one of the world's youngest billionaires.<br />
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<li>Synopsis</li>
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Born on May 14, 1984, in White Plains, New York, Mark Zuckerberg co-founded the social-networking website Facebook out of his college dorm room. He left Harvard after his sophomore year to concentrate on the site, the user base of which has grown to more than 250 million people, making Zuckerberg a billionaire. The birth of Facebook was recently portrayed in the film The Social Network<br />
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<li>Early Life</li>
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Mark Elliot Zuckerberg was born on May 14, 1984, in White Plains, New York, into a comfortable, well-educated family, and raised in the nearby village of Dobbs Ferry. His father, Edward Zuckerberg, ran a dental practice attached to the family's home. His mother, Karen, worked as a psychiatrist before the birth of the couple's four children—Mark, Randi, Donna and Arielle.<br />
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Zuckerberg developed an interest in computers at an early age; when he was about 12, he used Atari BASIC to create a messaging program he named "Zucknet." His father used the program in his dental office, so that the receptionist could inform him of a new patient without yelling across the room. The family also used Zucknet to communicate within the house. Together with his friends, he also created computer games just for fun. "I had a bunch of friends who were artists," he said. "They'd come over, draw stuff, and I'd build a game out of it."<br />
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To keep up with Mark's burgeoning interest in computers, his parents hired private computer tutor David Newman to come to the house once a week and work with Mark. Newman later told reporters that it was hard to stay ahead of the prodigy, who began taking graduate courses at nearby Mercy College around this same time.<br />
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Zuckerberg later studied at Phillips Exeter Academy, an exclusive preparatory school in New Hampshire. There he showed talent in fencing, becoming the captain of the school's team. He also excelled in literature, earning a diploma in classics. Yet Zuckerberg remained fascinated by computers, and continued to work on developing new programs. While still in high school, he created an early version of the music software Pandora, which he called Synapse. Several companies—including AOL and Microsoft—expressed an interest in buying the software, and hiring the teenager before graduation. He declined the offers.<br />
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<li>Time at Harvard</li>
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After graduating from Exeter in 2002, Zuckerberg enrolled at Harvard University. By his sophomore year at the ivy league institution, he had developed a reputation as the go-to software developer on campus. It was at that time that he built a program called CourseMatch, which helped students choose their classes based on the course selections of other users. He also invented Facemash, which compared the pictures of two students on campus and allowed users to vote on which one was more attractive. The program became wildly popular, but was later shut down by the school administration after it was deemed inappropriate.<br />
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Based on the buzz of his previous projects, three of his fellow students—Divya Narendra, and twins Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss—sought him out to work on an idea for a social networking site they called Harvard Connection. This site was designed to use information from Harvard's student networks in order to create a dating site for the Harvard elite. Zuckerberg agreed to help with the project, but soon dropped out to work on his own social networking site with friends Dustin Moskovitz, Chris Hughes and Eduardo Saverin.<br />
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Zuckerberg and his friends created a site that allowed users to create their own profiles, upload photos, and communicate with other users. The group ran the site—first called The Facebook—out of a dorm room at Harvard until June 2004. After his sophomore year, Zuckerberg dropped out of college to devote himself to Facebook full time, moving the company to Palo Alto, California. By the end of 2004, Facebook had 1 million users.<br />
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<li>The Rise of Facebook</li>
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In 2005, Zuckerberg's enterprise received a huge boost from the venture capital firm Accel Partners. Accel invested $12.7 million into the network, which at the time was open only to ivy league students. Zuckerberg's company then granted access to other colleges, high school and international schools, pushing the site's membership to more than 5.5 million users by December 2005. The site then began attracting the interest of other companies, who wanted to advertize with the popular social hub. Not wanting to sell out, Zuckerberg turned down offers from companies such as Yahoo! and MTV Networks. Instead, he focused on expanding the site, opening up his project to outside developers and adding more features.<br />
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Zuckerberg seemed to be going nowhere but up, however in 2006, the business mogul faced his first big hurdle. The creators of Harvard Connection claimed that Zuckerberg stole their idea, and insisted the software developer needed to pay for their business losses. Zuckerberg maintained that the ideas were based on two very different types of social networks but, after lawyers searched Zuckerberg's records, incriminating Instant Messages revealed that Zuckerberg may have intentionally stolen the intellectual property of Harvard Connection and offered Facebook users' private information to his friends.<br />
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Zuckerberg later apologized for the incriminating messages, saying he regretted them. "If you're going to go on to build a service that is influential and that a lot of people rely on, then you need to be mature, right?" he said in an interview with The New Yorker. "I think I've grown and learned a lot."<br />
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Although an initial settlement of $65 million was reached between the two parties, the legal dispute over the matter continued well into 2011, after Narendra and the Winklevosses claimed they were misled in regards to the value of their stock.<br />
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Zuckerberg faced yet another personal challenge when the 2009 book The Accidental Billionaires, by writer Ben Mezrich, hit stores. Mezrich was heavily criticized for his re-telling of Zuckerberg's story, which used invented scenes, re-imagined dialogue and fictional characters. Regardless of how true-to-life the story was, Mezrich managed to sell the rights of the tale to screenwriter Aaron Sorkin, and the critically acclaimed film The Social Network received eight Academy Award nominations.<br />
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Zuckerberg objected strongly to the film's narrative, and later told a reporter at The New Yorker that many of the details in the film were inaccurate. For example, Zuckerberg has been dating longtime girlfriend Priscilla Chan, a Chinese-American medical student he met at Harvard, since 2003. He also said he never had interest in joining any of the final clubs. "It's interesting what stuff they focused on getting right; like, every single shirt and fleece that I had in that movie is actually a shirt or fleece that I own," Zuckerberg told a reporter at a start-up conference in 2010. "So there's all this stuff that they got wrong and a bunch of random details that they got right."<br />
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Yet Zuckerberg and Facebook continued to succeed, in spite of the criticism. Time magazine named him Person of the Year in 2010, and Vanity Fair placed him at the top of their New Establishment list. Forbes also ranked Zuckerberg at No. 35—beating out Apple CEO Steve Jobs—on its "400" list, estimating his net worth to be $6.9 billion.<br />
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<li>Philanthropic Causes</li>
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Since amassing his sizeable fortune, Zuckerberg has used his millions to fund a variety of philanthropic causes. The most notable examples came in 2010. In September of that year, he donated $100 million to save the failing Newark Public Schools system in New Jersey. Then, in December 2010, Zuckerberg signed the "Giving Pledge", promising to donate at least 50 percent of his wealth to charity over the course of his lifetime. Other Giving Pledge members include Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and George Lucas. After his donation, Zuckerberg called on other young, wealthy entrepreneurs to follow suit. "With a generation of younger folks who have thrived on the success of their companies, there is a big opportunity for many of us to give back earlier in our lifetime and see the impact of our philanthropic efforts," he said.<br />
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<li>Going Public</li>
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Zuckerberg made two major life changes in May 2012. Facebook had its initial public offering, which raised $16 billion, making it the biggest internet IPO in history. How Zuckerberg's company will handle this influx of cash remains to be seen. But Zuckerberg may be looking at more acquisitions. He personally negotiated the company deal to buy Instragram the previous month.<br />
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After the initial success of the IPO, the Facebook stock price dropped somewhat in the early days of trading. But Zuckerberg is expected to weather any ups and downs in his company's market performance. He holds more than a quarter of its stock and retains 57 percent control of the voting shares.<br />
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On May 19, 2012—a day after the IPO—Zuckerberg wed his longtime girlfriend, Priscilla Chan. About 100 people gathered at the couple's Palo Alto, California home. The guests thought they were there to celebrate Chan's graduation from medical school, but instead they witnessed Zuckerberg and Chan exchange vows. In May 2013, Facebook made the Fortune 500 list for the first time—making Zuckerberg, at the age of 28, the youngest CEO on the list.<br />
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In November 2015, Zuckerberg and Chan welcomed a daughter, Max, and Zuckerberg announced he would be taking two months of paternity leave to spend with his family. He and his wife also pledged in an open letter to their daughter that they would give 99 percent of their Facebook shares to charity. "We are committed to doing our small part to help create this world for all children," the couple wrote in the open letter that was posted on Zuckerberg's Facebook page. "We will give 99% of our Facebook shares — currently about $45 billion — during our lives to join many others in improving this world for the next generation."<br />
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In September 2016, Zuckerberg and Chan announced that the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI), the company into which they put their Facebook shares, would invest at least $3 billion into scientific research over the next decade to help “cure, prevent and manage all diseases in our children's lifetime." Renowned neuroscientist Cori Bargmann of The Rockefeller University, was named the president of science at CZI. They also announced the founding of Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, a San Francisco-based independent research center that will bring together engineers, computer scientists, biologists, chemists and others in the scientific community. A partnership between Stanford University, University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Berkeley, Biohub will receive initial funding of $600 million over 10 years.<br />
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In March 2017, Zuckerberg and Chan announced on Facebook that they are expecting their second child, a daughter.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-33832999258205011602017-08-29T05:34:00.001-07:002018-10-12T22:41:27.592-07:00 Albert Einstein - A Great Scientist ever in The History<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Albert Einstein </h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Physicist, Scientist(1879–1955)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist who developed the general theory of relativity. He is considered one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Who Was Albert Einstein?</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 to April 18, 1955) was a German mathematician and physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. In the following decade, he immigrated to the U.S. after being targeted by the Nazis. His work also had a major impact on the development of atomic energy. In his later years, Einstein focused on unified field theory. With his passion for inquiry, Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein’s Inventions and Discoveries</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As a physicist, Einstein had many discoveries, but he is perhaps best known for his theory of relativity and the equation E=MC2, which foreshadowed the development of atomic power and the atomic bomb.</span><br />
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<li>Theory of Relativity</li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Einstein first proposed a special theory of relativity in 1905 in his paper, “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” taking physics in an electrifying new direction. By November 1915, Einstein completed the general theory of relativity. Einstein considered this theory the culmination of his life research. He was convinced of the merits of general relativity because it allowed for a more accurate prediction of planetary orbits around the sun, which fell short in Isaac Newton’s theory, and for a more expansive, nuanced explanation of how gravitational forces worked. Einstein's assertions were affirmed via observations and measurements by British astronomers Sir Frank Dyson and Sir Arthur Eddington during the 1919 solar eclipse, and thus a global science icon was born.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Einstein’s E=MC2</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Einstein’s 1905 paper on the matter/energy relationship proposed the equation E=MC2: energy of a body (E) is equal to the mass (M) of that body times the speed of light squared (C2). This equation suggested that tiny particles of matter could be converted into huge amounts of energy, a discovery that heralded atomic power. Famed quantum theorist Max Planck backed up the assertions of Einstein, who thus became a star of the lecture circuit and academia, taking on various positions before becoming director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics from 1913 to 1933.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Family</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein grew up in a secular Jewish family. His father, Hermann Einstein, was a salesman and engineer who, with his brother, founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a Munich-based company that manufactured electrical equipment. Albert’s mother, the former Pauline Koch, ran the family household. Einstein had one sister, Maja, born two years after him.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Einstein’s Wifes and Children</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein married Milena Maric on Jan. 6, 1903. While attending school in Zurich, Einstein met Maric, a Serbian physics student. Einstein continued to grow closer to Maric, but his parents were strongly against the relationship due to her ethnic background. Nonetheless, Einstein continued to see her, with the two developing a correspondence via letters in which he expressed many of his scientific ideas. Einstein’s father passed away in 1902, and the couple married thereafter.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">That same year the couple had a daughter, Lieserl, who might have been later raised by Maric's relatives or given up for adoption. Her ultimate fate and whereabouts remain a mystery. The couple went on to have two sons, Hans and Eduard. The marriage would not be a happy one, with the two divorcing in 1919 and Maric having an emotional breakdown in connection to the split. Einstein, as part of a settlement, agreed to give Maric any funds he might receive from possibly winning the Nobel Prize in the future.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">During his marriage to Maric, Einstein had also begun an affair some time earlier with a cousin, Elsa Löwenthal. The couple wed in 1919, the same year of Einstein’s divorce. He would continue to see other women throughout his second marriage, which ended with Löwenthal's death in 1936.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">When and Where Was Albert Einstein Born?</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Württemberg, Germany.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">When Did Albert Einstein Die?</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Albert Einstein died at the University Medical Center at Princeton early in the morning on April 18, 1955 at the age of 76. The previous day, while working on a speech to honor Israel's seventh anniversary, Einstein suffered an abdominal aortic aneurysm. He was taken to the hospital for treatment but refused surgery, believing that he had lived his life and was content to accept his fate. "I want to go when I want," he stated at the time. "It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly."</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Einstein’s Brain</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">During Albert Einstein’s autopsy, Thomas Stoltz Harvey removed his brain, reportedly without the permission of his family, for preservation and future study by doctors of neuroscience. However during his life Einstein participated in brain studies, and at least one biography says he hoped researchers would study his brain after he died. Einstein's brain is now located at the Princeton University Medical Center, and his remains were cremated and his ashes scattered in an undisclosed location, following his wishes.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1999, Canadian scientists who were studying Einstein’s brain found that his inferior parietal lobe, the area that processes spatial relationships, 3D-visualization and mathematical thought, was 15 percent wider than in people with normal intelligence. According to The New York Times, the researchers believe it may help explain why Einstein was so intelligent.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Early Life and Education</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Einstein attended elementary school at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich. However, he felt alienated there and struggled with the institution's rigid pedagogical style. He also had what were considered speech challenges, though he developed a passion for classical music and playing the violin that would stay with him into his later years. Most significantly, Einstein's youth was marked by deep inquisitiveness and inquiry.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Towards the end of the 1880s, Max Talmud, a Polish medical student who sometimes dined with the Einstein family, became an informal tutor to young Albert. Talmud had introduced his pupil to a children’s science text that inspired Einstein to dream about the nature of light. Thus, during his teens, Einstein penned what would be seen as his first major paper, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Hermann Einstein relocated the family to Milan, Italy, in the mid-1890s after his business lost out on a major contract. Albert was left at a relative's boarding house in Munich to complete his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Faced with military duty when he turned of age, Albert allegedly withdrew from classes, using a doctor’s note to excuse himself and claim nervous exhaustion. With their son rejoining them in Italy, his parents understood Einstein's perspective but were concerned about his future prospects as a school dropout and draft dodger.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Einstein was eventually able to gain admission into the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, specifically due to his superb mathematics and physics scores on the entrance exam. He was still required to complete his pre-university education first, and thus attended a high school in Aarau, Switzerland helmed by Jost Winteler. Einstein lived with the schoolmaster's family and fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. Einstein later renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen at the dawn of the new century</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">After graduating, Einstein faced major challenges in terms of finding academic positions, having alienated some professors over not attending class more regularly in lieu of studying independently. Einstein eventually found steady work in 1902 after receiving a referral for a clerk position in a Swiss patent office. While working at the patent office, Einstein had the time to further explore ideas that had taken hold during his studies at Polytechnic and thus cemented his theorems on what would be known as the principle of relativity.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1905—seen by many as a "miracle year" for the theorist—Einstein had four papers published in the Annalen der Physik, one of the best known physics journals of the era. Two focused on photoelectric effect and Brownian motion. The two others, which outlined E=MC2 and the special theory of relativity, were defining for Einstein’s career and the course of the study of physics.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Nobel Prize for Physics</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, since his ideas on relativity were still considered questionable. He wasn't actually given the award until the following year due to a bureaucratic ruling, and during his acceptance speech he still opted to speak about relativity.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the development of his general theory, Einstein had held onto the belief that the universe was a fixed, static entity, aka a "cosmological constant," though his later theories directly contradicted this idea and asserted that the universe could be in a state of flux. Astronomer Edwin Hubble deduced that we indeed inhabit an expanding universe, with the two scientists meeting at the Mount Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles in 1930.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Becoming a U.S. Citizen</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1933, Einstein took on a position at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey. At the time the Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, were gaining prominence with violent propaganda and vitriol in an impoverished post-WWI Germany. The party influenced other scientists to label Einstein's work "Jewish physics." Jewish citizens were barred from university work and other official jobs, and Einstein himself was targeted to be killed. Meanwhile, other European scientists also left regions threatened by Germany and immigrated to the U.S., with concern over Nazi strategies to create an atomic weapon. After moving, Einstein never went back to his native land. It was at Princeton that Einstein would spend the rest of his life working on a unified field theory—an all-embracing paradigm meant to unify the varied laws of physics.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Not long after he began his career at Princeton, Einstein expressed an appreciation for American "meritocracy" and the opportunities people had for free thought, a stark contrast to his own experiences coming of age. In 1935, Einstein was granted permanent residency in his adopted country and became an American citizen a few years later. During WWII, he worked on Navy-based weapons systems and made big monetary donations to the military by auctioning off manuscripts worth millions.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Einstein and the Atomic Bomb</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1939, Einstein and fellow physicist Leo Szilard wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to alert him of the possibility of a Nazi bomb and to galvanize the United States to create its own nuclear weapons. The U.S. would eventually initiate the Manhattan Project, though Einstein would not take direct part in its implementation due to his pacifist and socialist affiliations. Einstein was also the recipient of much scrutiny and major distrust from FBI director J. Edgar Hoover.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">After learning of the 1945 bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, Einstein became a major player in efforts to curtail usage of the a-bomb. The following year he and Szilard founded the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, and in 1947, via an essay for The Atlantic Monthly, Einstein espoused working with the United Nations to maintain nuclear weapons as a deterrent to conflict.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Member of the NAACP</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In the late 1940s, Einstein became a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), seeing the parallels between the treatment of Jews in Germany and African Americans in the United States. He corresponded with scholar/activist W.E.B. Du Bois as well as performing artist Paul Robeson and campaigned for civil rights, calling racism a "disease" in a 1946 Lincoln University speech.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">Time Travel and Quantum Theory</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After World War II, Einstein continued to work on his unified field theory and key aspects of the theory of general relativity, such as wormholes, the possibility of time travel, the existence of black holes and the creation of the universe. However, he became increasingly isolated from the rest of the physics community, whose eyes were set on quantum theory. In the last decade of his life, Einstein, who had always seen himself as a loner, withdrew even further from any sort of spotlight, preferring to stay close to Princeton and immerse himself in processing ideas with colleagues.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Since Einstein’s death, a veritable mountain of books have been written on the iconic thinker's life, including Einstein: His Life and Universe by Walter Isaacson and Einstein: A Biography by Jürgen Neffe, both from 2007. Einstein's own words are presented in the collection The World As I See It.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Also Read:-</span><br />
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<div style="color: #333333; font-family: q_serif, georgia, times, "times new roman", "hiragino kaku gothic pro", meiryo, serif; font-size: 24px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://teknowbio.blogspot.com/2017/09/A-p-j-abdul-kalam-scientist-president-philosopher-writer-professor.html?m=1" target="_blank">A p j Abdul Kalam:- Successful Life story</a></span><br />
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Issac Newton:- A Scientist<br />
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Leonardo Da Vinci:- Inventor, Engineer, Artist, Writer</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858647537806090522.post-50609400320543777132017-08-28T12:14:00.000-07:002018-10-12T09:04:08.852-07:00 Trishneet Arora - Youngest Entrepreneur <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Trishneet Arora</span><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-size: x-large;"> </span></b></span></h2>
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He is an Indian author, cyber security expert, and entrepreneur. Arora has written books on cyber security, ethical hacking and web defence. He is the founder and CEO of TAC Security, an IT security company. Wikipedia</div>
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Born: 2 November 1993 (age 23), Ludhiana</div>
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Books: Hacking Talk with Trishneet Arora, Hacking with Smart Phones</div>
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Meet Trishneet Arora, a veritable wizard of technology who is an author, a cyber-security expert, an ethical hacker, an entrepreneur and an avid speaker on security solutions. Just at the age of 21, Trishneet has been able to accomplish a whole lot. </div>
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With no family background in computers or business, Trishneet’s journey from a middle class child to a successful young adult is very extraordinary and inspirational. </div>
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The tale began a decade ago when 11 year old Trishneet got his first computer. Soon he started to experiment with it and in turn learned all about computer hardware. As a result of his computer fanaticism he failed in the class VIII examination and completed his class X through open learning.</div>
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Trishneet Arora has authored for book "The Hacking Era”, "Hacking TALK with Trishneet Arora" and "Hacking with Smart Phones" with several technical manuals and given countless lectures, workshops and seminars throughout his career. </div>
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Today his multinational enterprise, TAC Security Solutions, provides protection to corporations against network vulnerabilities and data theft and cyber security training. Some of TAC’s clients include the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Punjab Police, Gujarat Police, Reliance Industries Limited, Amul, Ralson (India) Ltd, Avon Cycles Ltd, MNCs from Dubai and UK..</div>
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Trained entrepreneurs , Government Employees, Police Officers, CBI Officers & IPS Officers. </div>
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Gujarat Police (Crime Branch)</div>
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Punjab Police (DSPs)</div>
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Gujarat Police (Cyber Crime Unit)</div>
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Ludhiana Police, Punjab</div>
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Invited as a keynote speaker on Business Relation Conference, List of keynote speakers:</div>
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Mr.Yashwant Sinha (Former Finance Minister of India)</div>
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Mr.Trishneet Arora, Ethical Hacker ( CTO | Founder) TAC Security Solutions</div>
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Mr.A. Balasubramanian , CEO , Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund</div>
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Mr.Chetan Shah, VP , HDFC Bank Ltd</div>
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Trained world's largest refinery-Reliance Industries Limited</div>
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Taken Seminars and Workshops at various universities / Colleges / Institutes. </div>
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<li>Consulting portfolio:</li>
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Founder & Chief Executive Officer at TAC Security Solutions</div>
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IT Adviser, Punjab Police Academy </div>
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<li>Awards:</li>
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1) Honorable Chief Minister of Punjab, S.Parkash Singh Badal bestowed a 'State Award' upon Trishneet Arora on the 65th Republic Day. </div>
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2) Trishneet Arora received "Punjabi Icon Award" 2015 in Mumbai. </div>
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3) Famous Personality of India by “India Today” (Ethical Hacker & Cyber Cops Article)</div>
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"A 20-year-old entrepreneur's success story" - Rediff.com </div>
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<a href="https://m.rediff.com/business/report/pix-special-20-year-old-entrepreneurs-success-story/20140909.htm" target="_blank">https://m.rediff.com/business/report/pix-special-20-year-old-entrepreneurs-success-story/20140909.htm</a></div>
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"Punjab entrepreneur, 20, runs IT security firm" - Business Standard </div>
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<a href="http://wap.business-standard.com/article/sme/punjab-entrepreneur-20-runs-it-security-firm-114090801211_1.html" target="_blank">http://wap.business-standard.com/article/sme/punjab-entrepreneur-20-runs-it-security-firm-114090801211_1.html</a></div>
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"Trishneet Arora entrepreneur's success story" - The Weekly Tribune, LONDON (UK)</div>
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"A youngster with passion for computers"- The Tribune</div>
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<a href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120916/ldh1.htm#10" target="_blank">http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120916/ldh1.htm#10</a></div>
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"Young hacker trains cops in tackling cyber-crime cases in Punjab" - ZEE News</div>
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<a href="http://zeenews.india.com/news/punjab/young-hacker-trains-cops-in-tackling-cyber-crime-cases-in-punjab_1514558.html" target="_blank">http://zeenews.india.com/news/punjab/young-hacker-trains-cops-in-tackling-cyber-crime-cases-in-punjab_1514558.html</a></div>
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"19-year-old entrepreneur fights cyber crime" - YourStory.com </div>
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<a href="https://yourstory.com/2013/12/trishneet-arora-tac-security-solutions-cyber-crime/" target="_blank">https://yourstory.com/2013/12/trishneet-arora-tac-security-solutions-cyber-crime/</a></div>
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"The Cyber Gladiator" - The New Sunday Express, Magazine</div>
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<a href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/may/23/The-Cyber-Gladiator-764601.html" target="_blank">http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2015/may/23/The-Cyber-Gladiator-764601.html</a></div>
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This video show how he did it really.. </h3>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/C6lEU8S-Dj0/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C6lEU8S-Dj0?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Here, </div>
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You can email him at info@trishneetarora.com with your feedback. You can also follow him on twitter (@trishneetarora) or like his Facebook Fanpage. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0